skulu

Icelandic

skulu (first person singular present indicative skal, first person plural past subjunctive skyldi)

shall, must
- Luke 6:29 (English, Icelandic)
  Slái þig einhver á kinnina, skaltu og bjóða hina, og taki einhver yfirhöfn þína, skaltu ekki varna honum að taka kyrtilinn líka.
  If someone strikes you on one cheek, turn to him the other also. If someone takes your cloak, do not stop him from taking your tunic.
- Einar Benediktsson
  Aðgát skal höfð í nærveru sálar.
  Exercise caution in the presence of a soul.
Þú skalt ekki taka bílinn minn!
You shall not take my car!

Þú skalt ekki morð fremja.
Thou shalt not kill.
to need
(an emphatic verb) to will!
Þú skalt sjá!
You will see!
to will
Ég skal svara símanum.
I'll pick up the phone.
(encouragement) let us, shall
Við skulum fara í bíó.
Let's go to the movies.

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skulu — active voice (germynd)

infinitive (nafnháttur)		að skulu
past infinitive (nafnháttur þátíð)		skyldu
	indicative (framsöguháttur)			subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur)
present (nútíð)	ég skal	við skulum	present (nútíð)	ég skuli	við skulum
	þú skalt	þið skuluð		þú skulir	þið skulið
	hann, hún, það skal	þeir, þær, þau skulu		hann, hún, það skuli	þeir, þær, þau skuli

past (þátíð)	--	--	past (þátíð)	ég skyldi	við skyldum
	--	--		þú skyldir	þið skylduð
	--	--		hann, hún, það skyldi	þeir, þær, þau skyldu

Note that the indicative past forms do not exist and that this verb only exists in the active, with no past participle.

From Proto-Germanic *skulaną, from Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to be obligated, owe, be guilty”). Cognate to Old English sculan (“to be obligated or obliged to, shall, must, owe, ought to”) (English shall).

skulu (first person singular present indicative skal, first person plural past subjunctive skyldi)

When auxiliary to copulae, the copula may be left out.
Along with only two other verbs (munu and vilja), skulu has a special past tense infinitive. It is equal to the third person plural past tense skyldu. This rare form is mostly used when the verb of the main clause also is in the past tense.

Conjugation of skulu (preterite-present)

“skulu”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press

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