karjua
Finnish
Etymology 1
From Proto-Finnic *karjudak (compare Karelian karjuo and Estonian karjuma), ultimately onomatopoeic.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈkɑrjuɑˣ/, [ˈkɑ̝rjuɑ̝(ʔ)]
- Rhymes: -ɑrjuɑ
- Syllabification(key): kar‧ju‧a
Conjugation
| Inflection of karjua (Kotus type 52/sanoa, no gradation) | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
| present tense | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st sing. | karjun | en karju | 1st sing. | olen karjunut | en ole karjunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd sing. | karjut | et karju | 2nd sing. | olet karjunut | et ole karjunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd sing. | karjuu | ei karju | 3rd sing. | on karjunut | ei ole karjunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st plur. | karjumme | emme karju | 1st plur. | olemme karjuneet | emme ole karjuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd plur. | karjutte | ette karju | 2nd plur. | olette karjuneet | ette ole karjuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd plur. | karjuvat | eivät karju | 3rd plur. | ovat karjuneet | eivät ole karjuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| passive | karjutaan | ei karjuta | passive | on karjuttu | ei ole karjuttu | ||||||||||||||||
| past tense | pluperfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st sing. | karjuin | en karjunut | 1st sing. | olin karjunut | en ollut karjunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd sing. | karjuit | et karjunut | 2nd sing. | olit karjunut | et ollut karjunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd sing. | karjui | ei karjunut | 3rd sing. | oli karjunut | ei ollut karjunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st plur. | karjuimme | emme karjuneet | 1st plur. | olimme karjuneet | emme olleet karjuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd plur. | karjuitte | ette karjuneet | 2nd plur. | olitte karjuneet | ette olleet karjuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd plur. | karjuivat | eivät karjuneet | 3rd plur. | olivat karjuneet | eivät olleet karjuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| passive | karjuttiin | ei karjuttu | passive | oli karjuttu | ei ollut karjuttu | ||||||||||||||||
| conditional mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
| present | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st sing. | karjuisin | en karjuisi | 1st sing. | olisin karjunut | en olisi karjunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd sing. | karjuisit | et karjuisi | 2nd sing. | olisit karjunut | et olisi karjunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd sing. | karjuisi | ei karjuisi | 3rd sing. | olisi karjunut | ei olisi karjunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st plur. | karjuisimme | emme karjuisi | 1st plur. | olisimme karjuneet | emme olisi karjuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd plur. | karjuisitte | ette karjuisi | 2nd plur. | olisitte karjuneet | ette olisi karjuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd plur. | karjuisivat | eivät karjuisi | 3rd plur. | olisivat karjuneet | eivät olisi karjuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| passive | karjuttaisiin | ei karjuttaisi | passive | olisi karjuttu | ei olisi karjuttu | ||||||||||||||||
| imperative mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
| present | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st sing. | — | — | 1st sing. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd sing. | karju | älä karju | 2nd sing. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd sing. | karjukoon | älköön karjuko | 3rd sing. | olkoon karjunut | älköön olko karjunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st plur. | karjukaamme | älkäämme karjuko | 1st plur. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd plur. | karjukaa | älkää karjuko | 2nd plur. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd plur. | karjukoot | älkööt karjuko | 3rd plur. | olkoot karjuneet | älkööt olko karjuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| passive | karjuttakoon | älköön karjuttako | passive | olkoon karjuttu | älköön olko karjuttu | ||||||||||||||||
| potential mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
| present | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st sing. | karjunen | en karjune | 1st sing. | lienen karjunut | en liene karjunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd sing. | karjunet | et karjune | 2nd sing. | lienet karjunut | et liene karjunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd sing. | karjunee | ei karjune | 3rd sing. | lienee karjunut | ei liene karjunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st plur. | karjunemme | emme karjune | 1st plur. | lienemme karjuneet | emme liene karjuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd plur. | karjunette | ette karjune | 2nd plur. | lienette karjuneet | ette liene karjuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd plur. | karjunevat | eivät karjune | 3rd plur. | lienevät karjuneet | eivät liene karjuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| passive | karjuttaneen | ei karjuttane | passive | lienee karjuttu | ei liene karjuttu | ||||||||||||||||
| Nominal forms | |||||||||||||||||||||
| infinitives | participles | ||||||||||||||||||||
| active | passive | active | passive | ||||||||||||||||||
| 1st | karjua | present | karjuva | karjuttava | |||||||||||||||||
| long 1st1 |
|
past | karjunut | karjuttu | |||||||||||||||||
| 2nd | inessive2 | karjuessa | karjuttaessa | agent3 | karjuma | ||||||||||||||||
|
negative | karjumaton | |||||||||||||||||||
| instructive | karjuen | — | 1) Used only with a possessive suffix. 2) Usually with a possessive suffix (active only). | ||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd | inessive | karjumassa | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| elative | karjumasta | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| illative | karjumaan | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| adessive | karjumalla | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| abessive | karjumatta | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| instructive | karjuman | karjuttaman | |||||||||||||||||||
| 4th4 | verbal noun | karjuminen | |||||||||||||||||||
| 5th1 |
| ||||||||||||||||||||
Further reading
- “karjua”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-01
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈkɑrjuɑ/, [ˈkɑ̝rjuɑ̝]
- Rhymes: -ɑrjuɑ
- Syllabification(key): kar‧ju‧a
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