crug

English

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

crug (uncountable)

  1. (slang, obsolete) Bread.
    • 1820-23, Charles Lamb, Essays of Elia
      He had his tea and hot rolls in a morning, while we were battening upon our quarter-of-a-penny loaf — our crug — moistened with attenuated small beer, in wooden piggings, smacking of the pitched leathern jack it was poured from.

Romanian

Etymology

Borrowed from Russian круг (krug). Doublet of crâng.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /kruɡ/

Noun

crug n (plural cruguri)

  1. (dated) orbit

Declension
Declension of crug
singular plural
indefinite articulation definite articulation indefinite articulation definite articulation
nominative/accusative (un) crug crugul (niște) cruguri crugurile
genitive/dative (unui) crug crugului (unor) cruguri crugurilor
vocative crugule crugurilor

Further reading

Welsh

Etymology

From Old Welsh cruc, from Proto-Celtic *krowkos (“heap”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *krewH- (“to heap up”), shared with Proto-Germanic *hraukaz (“heap”), Lithuanian kruvà (“heap”).[1][2] Cognate with Old Irish crúach (“stack; mountain, hill”).

Pronunciation

Noun

crug m (plural crugiau)

  1. hillock, knoll
    Synonyms: bryncyn, twmpath
  2. tumulus, barrow
    Synonyms: carnedd, tomen
  3. heap
    Synonyms: pentwr, twr
  4. multitude
    Synonym: lliaws
  5. abscess, boil, blister
    Synonyms: cornwyd, ploryn, pothell

Derived terms
  • crugen (“diminutive form”)
  • crugyn (“diminutive form”)

Mutation
Welsh mutation
radical soft nasal aspirate
crug grug nghrug chrug
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References
  1. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “krowko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 226-27
  2. Pokorny, Julius (1959) chapter 616, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 616

Further reading
  • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “crug”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
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