crom

See also: Crom and cróm

Catalan
Chemical element
Cr
Previous: vanadi (V)
Next: manganès (Mn)

Etymology

Borrowed from Ancient Greek χρῶμα (khrôma, “color”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrew- (“to grind, rub”).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencian) [ˈkɾom]
  • Audio (Valencian)(file)

Noun

crom m (uncountable)

  1. chromium

Further reading

Irish

Etymology

From Middle Irish cromm, from Old Irish cromb (“bent, stooped”),[1] from Proto-Celtic *krumbos, from Proto-Germanic *krumbaz (whence German krumm and Dutch krom). The verb is from Old Irish crommaid (“to bend down, stoop”), from the adjective.

Pronunciation
  • (Munster) IPA(key): /kɾˠɑumˠ/, /kɾˠʊmˠ/
  • (Connacht) IPA(key): /kɾˠuːmˠ/, /kɾˠʊmˠ/
  • (Mayo) IPA(key): /kɾˠʊmˠ/
  • (Ulster) IPA(key): /kɾˠʌmˠ/[2]

Adjective

crom (genitive singular masculine croim, genitive singular feminine croime, plural croma, comparative croime)

  1. bent down, bent over, stooped, hunched

Declension
Declension of crom
Singular Plural (m/f)
Positive Masculine Feminine (strong noun) (weak noun)
Nominative crom chrom croma;
chroma²
Vocative chroim croma
Genitive croime croma crom
Dative crom;
chrom¹		 chrom;
chroim (archaic)		 croma;
chroma²
Comparative níos croime
Superlative is croime

¹ When the preceding noun is lenited and governed by the definite article.
² When the preceding noun ends in a slender consonant.

Verb

crom (present analytic cromann, future analytic cromfaidh, verbal noun cromadh, past participle cromtha)

  1. to bend over, stoop

Conjugation
conjugation of crom (first conjugation – A)
singular plural relative autonomous
first second third first second third
indicative present cromaim cromann tú;
cromair†		 cromann sé, sí cromaimid cromann sibh cromann siad;
cromaid†		 a chromann; a chromas /
a gcromann*; a gcromas*		 cromtar
past chrom mé; chromas chrom tú; chromais chrom sé, sí chromamar; chrom muid chrom sibh; chromabhair chrom siad; chromadar a chrom /
ar chrom*		 cromadh
past habitual chromainn / gcromainn‡‡ chromtá / gcromtᇇ chromadh sé, sí / gcromadh sé, s퇇 chromaimis; chromadh muid / gcromaimis‡‡; gcromadh muid‡‡ chromadh sibh / gcromadh sibh‡‡ chromaidís; chromadh siad / gcromaidís‡‡; gcromadh siad‡‡ a chromadh /
a gcromadh*		 chromtaí / gcromta퇇
future cromfaidh mé;
cromfad		 cromfaidh tú;
cromfair†		 cromfaidh sé, sí cromfaimid;
cromfaidh muid		 cromfaidh sibh cromfaidh siad;
cromfaid†		 a chromfaidh; a chromfas /
a gcromfaidh*; a gcromfas*		 cromfar
conditional chromfainn / gcromfainn‡‡ chromfá / gcromfᇇ chromfadh sé, sí / gcromfadh sé, s퇇 chromfaimis; chromfadh muid / gcromfaimis‡‡; gcromfadh muid‡‡ chromfadh sibh / gcromfadh sibh‡‡ chromfaidís; chromfadh siad / gcromfaidís‡‡; gcromfadh siad‡‡ a chromfadh /
a gcromfadh*		 chromfaí / gcromfa퇇
subjunctive present go gcroma mé;
go gcromad†		 go gcroma tú;
go gcromair†		 go gcroma sé, sí go gcromaimid;
go gcroma muid		 go gcroma sibh go gcroma siad;
go gcromaid†		 — go gcromtar
past dá gcromainn dá gcromtá dá gcromadh sé, sí dá gcromaimis;
dá gcromadh muid		 dá gcromadh sibh dá gcromaidís;
dá gcromadh siad		 — dá gcromtaí
imperative cromaim crom cromadh sé, sí cromaimis cromaigí;
cromaidh†		 cromaidís — cromtar
verbal noun cromadh
past participle cromtha

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Mutation
Irish mutation
Radical Lenition Eclipsis
crom chrom gcrom
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References
  1. G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “cromm”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
  2. Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 291, page 104

Further reading
  • Dinneen, Patrick S. (1904) “crom”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 1st edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 199
  • Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “crom”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
  • Entries containing “crom” in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm, 1959, by Tomás de Bhaldraithe.
  • Entries containing “crom” in New English-Irish Dictionary by Foras na Gaeilge.

Middle Dutch

Etymology

From Old Dutch *krumb, from Proto-Germanic *krumbaz.

Adjective

crom

  1. bent, not straight
  2. wrong (morally)

Inflection
Adjective
Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural
Nominative Indefinite crom cromme crom cromme
Definite cromme cromme
Accusative Indefinite crommen cromme crom cromme
Definite cromme
Genitive croms crommer croms crommer
Dative crommen crommer crommen crommen

Alternative forms
  • cromp

Derived terms

Descendants
  • Dutch: krom
  • Limburgish: krómp

Further reading

Middle English

Noun

crom

  1. Alternative form of crome

Romanian
Chemical element
Cr
Previous: vanadiu (V)
Next: mangan (Mn)

Etymology

Borrowed from French chrome, from Ancient Greek χρῶμα (khrôma, “color”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰreu (“to grind, rub”).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /krom/

Noun

crom n (uncountable)

  1. chromium (chemical element)

Declension
declension of crom (singular only)
singular
n gender indefinite articulation definite articulation
nominative/accusative (un) crom cromul
genitive/dative (unui) crom cromului
vocative cromule

References

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

From Middle Irish cromm, from Old Irish cromb (“bent, stooped”), from Proto-Celtic *krumbos, from Proto-Germanic *krumbaz. The verb is from Old Irish crommaid (“to bend down, stoop”), from the adjective.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /kʰɾɔum/

Adjective

crom (comparative cruime)

  1. bent, curved, crooked, round

Synonyms

Verb

crom (past chrom, future cromaidh, verbal noun cromadh, past participle cromte)

  1. bend, curve
  2. bow, stoop
  3. crouch
  4. nod

Synonyms

Vietnamese
Chemical element
Cr
Previous: vanađi (V)
Next: mangan (Mn)

Etymology

From French chrome.

Pronunciation
  • (Hà Nội) IPA(key): [kɹom˧˧]
  • (Huế) IPA(key): [kɹom˧˧]
  • (Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA(key): [kɹom˧˧]
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Noun

crom

  1. chromium
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