< Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/sparēn
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This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-West Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *sparāną. Equivalent to *spar (“sparing, frugal”) + *-ēn.
Inflection
| Class 3 weak | ||
|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | *sparēn | |
| 1st sg. past | *spar?dā | |
| Infinitive | *sparēn | |
| Genitive infin. | *sparēnijas | |
| Dative infin. | *sparēnijē | |
| Instrum. infin. | *sparēniju | |
| Indicative | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | *sparē | *spar?dā |
| 2nd singular | *sparēs | *spar?dēs, *spar?dēs |
| 3rd singular | *sparēþ | *spar?dē, *spar?dā |
| 1st plural | *sparēm | *spar?dum |
| 2nd plural | *sparēþ | *spar?dud |
| 3rd plural | *sparēnþ | *spar?dun |
| Subjunctive | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | *sparē | *spar?dī |
| 2nd singular | *sparēs | *spar?dī |
| 3rd singular | *sparē | *spar?dī |
| 1st plural | *sparēm | *spar?dīm |
| 2nd plural | *sparēþ | *spar?dīd |
| 3rd plural | *sparēn | *spar?dīn |
| Imperative | Present | |
| Singular | *sparē | |
| Plural | *sparēþ | |
| Present | Past | |
| Participle | *sparēndī | *spar?d |
Descendants
- Old English: sparian
- Old Frisian: sparia, spara
- Saterland Frisian: spoarje
- West Frisian: sparje
- Old Saxon: sparōn
- Old High German: sparēn, sparōn
- → Vulgar Latin: sparāniō (attested in the Reichenau Glossary)
- Italo-Romance:
- Italian: sparagnare ⇒ risparmiare
- Central dialects: sparagnà ⇒ risparagnà, resparagnà, risparmià, risparambià
- Neapolitan: sparagnà
- Sicilian: sparagnari
- Italian: sparagnare ⇒ risparmiare
- Padanian:
- Emilian: sparmier, sparer ⇒ rasparar, arsparmier
- Lombard: spargnar, sparmir
- Piedmontese: spargné
- Romagnol: sparmier, sparanear ⇒ arpsamear
- Northern Gallo-Romance:
- Franc-Comtois: éparmaî
- Franco-Provençal: épargnèr, éparmar
- Valdôtain: éparmir
- Old Bourgignon: arsparmer, esparmer
- ⇒ Bourguignon: reparmer
- Old French: espargnier, esparigner, esparnier, esparnir, esparner, aperner
- French: épargner
- Walloon: spârgnî
- Southern Gallo-Romance:
- Occitan: esparnhar
- Italo-Romance:
References
- Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 162: “PWGmc *sparē-”
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