< Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/rūnēn

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

Etymology

From *rūnu (secret, mystery) + *-ēn.

Verb

*rūnēn

  1. to whisper, conspire

Inflection

Class 3 weak
Infinitive *rūnēn
1st sg. past *rūn?dā
Infinitive *rūnēn
Genitive infin. *rūnēnijas
Dative infin. *rūnēnijē
Instrum. infin. *rūnēniju
Indicative Present Past
1st singular *rūnē *rūn?dā
2nd singular *rūnēs *rūn?dēs, *rūn?dēs
3rd singular *rūnēþ *rūn?dē, *rūn?dā
1st plural *rūnēm *rūn?dum
2nd plural *rūnēþ *rūn?dud
3rd plural *rūnēnþ *rūn?dun
Subjunctive Present Past
1st singular *rūnē *rūn?dī
2nd singular *rūnēs *rūn?dī
3rd singular *rūnē *rūn?dī
1st plural *rūnēm *rūn?dīm
2nd plural *rūnēþ *rūn?dīd
3rd plural *rūnēn *rūn?dīn
Imperative Present
Singular *rūnē
Plural *rūnēþ
Present Past
Participle *rūnēndī *rūn?d

Descendants

  • Old English: rūnian
    • Middle English: rounen, rownen
  • Old Frisian: *rūnia
    • Saterland Frisian: ruunje
    • West Frisian: rúnje
  • Old Saxon: rūnōn, rūnoian, rūnian
  • Old Dutch: rūnon
  • Old High German: rūnēn
  • Old French: runer
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