Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/tu-

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Verb

*tu-

(Common Turkic, transitive) to close, occlude

Conjugation

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Conjugation of *tu- (Common Turkic)

Note: Actual conjugations can be more complex than tables below. Compound forms with the auxiliary *er- not shown.

Positive

infinitive			*tumak
participle	present		*tugan, tugma, tur
	past		*tuduk, tumïš
	future		*tudačï, tumakčï, tusïk, tuyačak
verbal noun			*tuma, tug, tugu
way of doing			*tuš
			singular			plural
			1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
			*ben	*sen	*ol	*biz	*siz	*olar
indicative	aorist		*tur ben	*tur sen	*tur	*tur biz	*tur siz	*tur
	past	simple	*tudum	*tuduŋ	*tudï	*tuduk, tudumuz	*tuduŋuz	*tudï
	past	inferential	*tumïš ben	*tumïš sen	*tumïš	*tumïš biz	*tumïš siz	*tumïš
	future	simple	*tudačï ben, tumakčï ben, tuyačak ben	*tudačï sen, tumakčï sen, tuyačak sen	*tudačï, tumakčï, tuyačak	*tudačï biz, tumakčï biz, tuyačak biz	*tudačï siz, tumakčï siz, tuyačak siz	*tudačï, tumakčï, tuyačak
		predictive	*tugay ben	*tugay sen	*tugay	*tugay biz	*tugay siz	*tugay
		necessitive	*tusukum	*tusukuŋ	*tusuk	*tusukumuz	*tusukuŋuz	*tusuk
conditional			*tusam, tusar ben	*tusaŋ, tusar sen	*tusa, tusar	*tusak, tusamïz, tusar biz	*tusaŋïz, tusar siz	*tusalar, tusar
optative			*tugay ben	*tugay sen	*tugay	*tugay biz	*tugay siz	*tugay
progressive			*tumakda ben	*tumakda sen	*tumakda	*tumakda biz	*tumakda siz	*tumakda
necessitative			*tumalïg ben	*tumalïg sen	*tumalïg	*tumalïg biz	*tumalïg siz	*tumalïg
imperative			*tuyayïn	*tu, tugïl	*tuzun	*tuyalïm	*tuyuŋ	*tuzun

Negative

infinitive			*tumamak
participle	present		*tumagan, tumagma, tumaz
	past		*tumaduk, tumamïš
	future		*tumačï, tumasïk, tumayačak
verbal noun			*tumama, tumag, tumagu
way of doing			*tumaš
			singular			plural
			1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
			*ben	*sen	*ol	*biz	*siz	*olar
indicative	aorist		*tumaz ben	*tumaz sen	*tumaz	*tumaz biz	*tumaz siz	*tumaz
	past	simple	*tumadum	*tumaduŋ	*tumadï	*tumaduk, tumadumuz	*tumaduŋuz	*tumadï
	past	inferential	*tumamïš ben	*tumamïš sen	*tumamïš	*tumamïš biz	*tumamïš siz	*tumamïš
	future	simple	*tumačï ben, tumayačak ben	*tumačï sen, tumayačak sen	*tumačï, tumayačak	*tumačï biz, tumayačak biz	*tumačï siz, tumayačak siz	*tumačï, tumayačak
		predictive	*tumagay ben	*tumagay sen	*tumagay	*tumagay biz	*tumagay siz	*tumagay
		necessitive	*tumasukum	*tumasukuŋ	*tumasuk	*tumasukumuz	*tumasukuŋuz	*tumasuk
conditional			*tumasam, tumasar ben	*tumasaŋ, tumasar sen	*tumasa, tumasar	*tumasak, tumasamïz, tumasar biz	*tumasaŋïz, tumasar siz	*tumasalar, tumasar
optative			*tumagay ben	*tumagay sen	*tumagay	*tumagay biz	*tumagay siz	*tumagay
progressive			*tumamakda ben	*tumamakda sen	*tumamakda	*tumamakda biz	*tumamakda siz	*tumamakda
necessitative			*tumamalïg ben	*tumamalïg sen	*tumamalïg	*tumamalïg biz	*tumamalïg siz	*tumamalïg
imperative			*tumayayïn	*tuma, tumagïl	*tumazun	*tumayalïm	*tumayïŋ	*tumazun

Derived terms

*tu-n-
- *tun-tur-
- *tun-čuk-
- *tun-gu (“deaf”)
- *tun-uk (“deaf”)
- *tun-čuk
*tu-man (“fog”)[1]
*tu-g
*tu-gan (“embankment”)
*tu-ma (“weir, barrage”)

Descendants

Common Turkic:

Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (tuncukmak), [script needed] (dunukmak)
  - Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (duncukmak), [script needed] (tuncukmak), [script needed] (tunukmak), [script needed] (dulunmak/tulunmak)
    - Turkish: duncukmak, tuncumak, tuncukmak, tuncukdurmak, dulunmak (all are dialectal)
- Salar: dumğusı
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: [script needed] (tumaq), [script needed] (tunmaq), [script needed] (tunturmaq)
  - Uyghur: [script needed] (tunçuk-)
Kipchak:
- Kipchak: [script needed] (tu-)
- North Kipchak:
  - Tatar: [script needed] (ton-)
- West Kipchak:
  - Karaim: [script needed] (tudjur-)
  - Kumyk: [script needed] (tunçuk-)
- South Kipchak:
  - Caspian:
    - Kazakh: тұну (tūnu), тұнжырау (tūnjyrau), тұнық (tūnyq)
  - Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
    - Kyrgyz: тунуу (tunuu), тунаруу (tunaruu), тундуруу (tunduruu)
    - Southern Altai: тунар (tunar, “to put”), тундырар (tundïrar)
Siberian:
- Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰆 (t¹u)
  - Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tu-)
- South Siberian:
  - Sayan:
    - Tuvan: [script needed] (dun-)
  - Yenisei:
    - Khakas: [script needed] (tun-)

⇒? Common Turkic: *tu-mak (“hat, cap”)[2]

References

Tekin, Talât. (2000). Orhon Türkçesi Grameri, page: 92
Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*tum-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

Özertural, Z. (2002). Eski Türkçe tu- "kapamak" Eylemi Üzerine . Türkoloji Dergisi , 15 (1) , 0-0 . DOI: 10.1501/Trkol_0000000050

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[1] Tekin, Talât. (2000). Orhon Türkçesi Grameri, page: 92

[2] Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*tum-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill