Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kulkak

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Cognate to Proto-Mongolic *kulkï (“ear wax, middle ear”), however the exact relationship remains unclear; compare Mongolian хулхи (xulxi, “ear-wax, inner ear”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?) Proto-Tungusic *xūl- (“to sound”) and Proto-Uralic *kule- (“to hear”) are also compared.

Noun

*kulkak

ear

Declension

Declension of *kulkak

	Singular ³⁾
Nominative	*kulkak
Accusative	kulkaknï, kulkakïg ⁴⁾, *kulkaknïg ¹⁾
Genitive	*kulkaknïŋ
Dative	*kulkakka
Locative	*kulkakda
Ablative	*kulkakdan
Allative	*kulkakgaru
Instrumental ²⁾	*kulkakïn
Equative ²⁾	*kulkakča
Similative ²⁾	*kulkaklayu
Comitative ²⁾	*kulkaklïgu

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants

Oghur:
- Chuvash: хӑлха (hălh̬a)
→? Proto-Mongolic: *kulkï
- Mongolian: хулхи (xulxi, “earwax, inner ear”)
Common Turkic:

Karluk:
- Karakhanid: قُلَقْ (qulaq), قُلْقاقْ (qulqaq)
  - Chagatai: [script needed] (qulaɣ)
    - Uyghur: قۇلاق (qulaq)
    - Uzbek: quloq
Kipchak:
- Northern Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: ҡолаҡ (qolaq)
  - Tatar: колак (qolaq)
- Western Kipchak:
  - Crimean Tatar: qulaq
  - Karachay-Balkar: къулакъ (qulaq)
  - Karaim: къулакъ
  - Kumyk: къулакъ (qulaq)
- Kipchak-Nogai:
  - Karakalpak: qulaq
  - Kazakh: құлақ (qūlaq)
  - Nogai: кулак (kulak)
- Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
  - Kyrgyz: кулак (kulak)
  - Southern Altai: кулак (kulak)
Arghu:
- Khalaj: qulaq
Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish: قلاق (qulaq)
  - Azerbaijani: qulaq
  - Ottoman Turkish: قولاق (kulak)
    - Gagauz: kulak
    - Turkish: kulak
- Eastern:
  - Salar: gulaq
  - Turkmen: gulak
- Southern:
  - Qashqai: قُلَقْ (qulaq)
Siberian:
- Old Turkic: 𐰸𐰆𐰞𐰴𐰴 (qulqaq)
  - Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qulqaq)
    - Western Yugur: qulaq
- Yenisei Turkic:
  - Khakas: хулах (xulax)
  - Shor: қулақ
- Sayan Turkic:
  - Tofa: қулақ
  - Tuvan: кулак (kulak)
- North Siberian:
  - Dolgan: кулгаах
  - Yakut: кулгаах (kulgaaq)

References

Clauson, Gerard (1972) “kulkak”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 621
Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (2000) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume 6, Moscow: Indrik, pages 124-127
Tenišev E. R., editor (2001), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: Leksika [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages: Lexis] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Nauka, pages 204-205
Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*Kul-kak”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

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