Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kadïŋ

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Noun

*kadïŋ

birch tree

Declension

Declension of *kadïŋ

	Singular ³⁾
Nominative	*kadïŋ
Accusative	kadïŋnï, kadïŋïg ⁴⁾, *kadïŋnïg ¹⁾
Genitive	*kadïŋnïŋ
Dative	*kadïŋka
Locative	*kadïŋda
Ablative	*kadïŋdan
Allative	*kadïŋgaru
Instrumental ²⁾	*kadïŋïn
Equative ²⁾	*kadïŋča
Similative ²⁾	*kadïŋlayu
Comitative ²⁾	*kadïŋlïgu

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants

Oghur:
- Chuvash: хурăн (hurăn)
Common Turkic:
- Oghuz: قَيِنْكْ (qayïŋ)
  - West Oghuz:
    - Azerbaijani: qayın
    - Ottoman Turkish: قاین (kayın)
      Gagauz: kayın
      
      Turkish: kayın
  - East Oghuz:
    - Turkmen: gaýyň
    - Salar: [script needed] (qayın)
- Karluk:
  - Karakhanid: قَذِنْكْ (qaδïŋ)
    - Chagatai:
      Uyghur: قېيىن (qëyin)
      
      Uzbek: qayin
- Kipchak:
  - North Kipchak:
    - Bashkir: ҡайын (qayın)
    - Tatar: каен (qayen)
      Siberian Tatar: ҡайын (qayın)
  - West Kipchak:
    - Crimean Tatar: qayın
    - Karachay-Balkar: къайын (qayın)
    - Kumyk: къайын (qayın)
  - South Kipchak:
    - Karakalpak: қайың (qayïŋ)
    - Kazakh: қайың (qaiyñ)
    - Nogai: кайын (kayın)
  - East Kipchak:
    - Kyrgyz: кайың (kayıŋ)
    - Southern Altai: кайыҥ (kayïŋ)
- Siberian:
  - Old Turkic: [script needed] (qadïŋ)
  - North Siberian:
    - Dolgan: катыҥ (jatıñ)
    - Yakut: хатыҥ (qatıñ)
  - South Siberian:
    - Sayan Turkic:
      Tofa: ӄадыӈ (qadïŋ)
      
      Tuvan: хадың (xadıñ)
    - Yenisei Turkic:
      Khakas: хазың (xazıñ)
      
      Shor: қазың (qazıñ)

References

Doerfer, Gerhard (1967) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 20)‎ (in German), volume 3, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, page 183
Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 218
Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (1997) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume 5, Moscow: Jazyki russkoj kulʹtury, pages 214-215
Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*kadïŋ”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎, Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
Tenišev E. R., editor (1984–2006), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages:] (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka, page 122

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