< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kovati
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kauˀ-, from Proto-Indo-European *kowh₂-, from the root *kewh₂-. Cognate with Lithuanian káuti (“to hew, to beat, to murder”), Latvian kaût (“to fight”), Latin cūdere (“to forge, to beat, to grind”), Old Norse hǫggva (“to hew, to beat”), Old High German houwan (“to hew, to beat”), Old Irish cuad (“to beat, to fight”).
Inflection
Conjugation of *kovati, *kova, *kovetь (impf., -a/C-, s-aorist, accent paradigm c)
Suffix: *-ati
| Verbal noun | Infinitive | Supine | L-participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| *kovanьje | *kovati | *kovatъ | *kovalъ |
| Participles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Tense | Past | Present |
| Passive | *kovanъ | *kovomъ |
| Active | *kovavъ | *kovy |
| Aorist | Present | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *kovaxъ | *kova | *kova | *kovǫ | *koveši | *kovetь |
| Dual | *kovaxově | *kovasta | *kovaste | *kovevě | *koveta | *kovete |
| Plural | *kovaxomъ | *kovaste | *kovašę | *kovemъ | *kovete | *kovǫtь |
| Imperfect | Imperative | |||||
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *kovaaxъ | *kovaaše | *kovaaše | — | *kovi | *kovi |
| Dual | *kovaaxově | *kovaašeta | *kovaašete | *kověvě | *kověta | — |
| Plural | *kovaaxomъ | *kovaašete | *kovaaxǫ | *kověmъ | *kověte | — |
Conjugation of *kovati, *kova, *kujetь (impf., -a/V-, s-aorist, accent paradigm c)
Suffix: *-ati
| Verbal noun | Infinitive | Supine | L-participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| *kovanьje | *kovati | *kovatъ | *kovalъ |
| Participles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Tense | Past | Present |
| Passive | *kovanъ | *kujemъ |
| Active | *kovavъ | *kuję |
| Aorist | Present | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *kovaxъ | *kova | *kova | *kujǫ | *kuješi | *kujetь |
| Dual | *kovaxově | *kovasta | *kovaste | *kujevě | *kujeta | *kujete |
| Plural | *kovaxomъ | *kovaste | *kovašę | *kujemъ | *kujete | *kujǫtь |
| Imperfect | Imperative | |||||
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *kovaaxъ | *kovaaše | *kovaaše | — | *kuji | *kuji |
| Dual | *kovaaxově | *kovaašeta | *kovaašete | *kujivě | *kujita | — |
| Plural | *kovaaxomъ | *kovaašete | *kovaaxǫ | *kujimъ | *kujite | — |
Conjugation of *kuti, *ku, *kovetь (impf., -V/C-, s-aorist, accent paradigm ?)
| Verbal noun | Infinitive | Supine | L-participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| *kutьje | *kuti | *kutъ | *kulъ |
| Participles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Tense | Past | Present |
| Passive | *kutъ | *kovomъ |
| Active | *kuvъ | *kovy |
| Aorist | Present | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *kuxъ | *ku | *ku | *kovǫ | *koveši | *kovetь |
| Dual | *kuxově | *kusta | *kuste | *kovevě | *koveta | *kovete |
| Plural | *kuxomъ | *kuste | *kušę | *kovemъ | *kovete | *kovǫtь |
| Imperfect | Imperative | |||||
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *kověaxъ | *kověaše | *kověaše | — | *kovi | *kovi |
| Dual | *kověaxově | *kověašeta | *kověašete | *kověvě | *kověta | — |
| Plural | *kověaxomъ | *kověašete | *kověaxǫ | *kověmъ | *kověte | — |
Conjugation of *kuti, *ku, *kujetь (impf., -V-, s-aorist, accent paradigm ?)
| Verbal noun | Infinitive | Supine | L-participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| *kutьje | *kuti | *kutъ | *kulъ |
| Participles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Tense | Past | Present |
| Passive | *kutъ | *kujemъ |
| Active | *kuvъ | *kuję |
| Aorist | Present | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *kuxъ | *ku | *ku | *kujǫ | *kuješi | *kujetь |
| Dual | *kuxově | *kusta | *kuste | *kujevě | *kujeta | *kujete |
| Plural | *kuxomъ | *kuste | *kušę | *kujemъ | *kujete | *kujǫtь |
| Imperfect | Imperative | |||||
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *kujaaxъ | *kujaaše | *kujaaše | — | *kuji | *kuji |
| Dual | *kujaaxově | *kujaašeta | *kujaašete | *kujivě | *kujita | — |
| Plural | *kujaaxomъ | *kujaašete | *kujaaxǫ | *kujimъ | *kujite | — |
Alternative forms
Related terms
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Further reading
- Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993) “кова́ть”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volumes 1 (а – пантомима), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 407
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “кова́ть”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1985), “*kovati”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 12 (*koulъkъ – *kroma/*kromъ), Moscow: Nauka, page 10
- Miguel Villanueva Svensson (2011) “The accentuation of the infinitive type Latv. kal̃t, Sl. *kőlti and the development of Indo-European molō-presents in Balto-Slavic”, in Baltistica, →ISSN, page 311
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008) “*kovàti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 241: “v. (c) ‘forge’”
- Olander, Thomas (2001) “kovati: kujǫ kujetь”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c (SA 204, 212, 214, 236; PR 139)”
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