Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/tall-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Etymology

From Proto-Afroasiatic *tVl- (“hill”). Possibly cognate with Proto-Berber *a-drar (see Central Atlas Tamazight ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ (adrar) for more), Oromo tulluu and Hausa tsaunī̀.

Noun

*tall- m

hill

Inflection

Declension of *tall-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*tallum

*tallāna

plural stem + *-ūna

Genitive

*tallim

*tallayna

plural stem + *-īna

Accusative

*tallam

possessive forms

1st person

*tallī / *tallVya

—

*tallVni

2nd person m

*tallVka

*tallVkumā / *tallVkumay

*tallVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*tallVki

*tallVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*tallVšu

*tallVšumā / *tallVšumay

*tallVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*tallVša

*tallVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *talluya for nom. case, *talliya for gen. case, *tallaya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *tall-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*talluka	*tallāka	plural stem + *-ūka
Genitive	*tallika	*tallayka	plural stem + *-īka
Accusative	*tallaka	*tallayka	plural stem + *-īka

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *tall-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*talluki	*tallāki	plural stem + *-ūki
Genitive	*talliki	*tallayki	plural stem + *-īki
Accusative	*tallaki	*tallayki	plural stem + *-īki

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒇯 (tīlum, tillum)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: تَلّ (tall)
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Aramaic:
      Old Aramaic: 𐤕𐤋
      
      Imperial Aramaic: 𐡕𐡋 (tl)
      
      Jewish Palestinian Aramaic, Jewish Literary Aramaic, Jewish Babylonian Aramaic תִּלָּא, תִּילָּא (tillā)
      
      Christian Palestinian Aramaic: ܬܷ݁ܠܴ݁ܐ
      - Classical Syriac: ܬܠܐ (tellā)
    - Canaanite:
      - Hebrew: תֵּל (tel, tēl)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎚𐎍 (tl /⁠tallu⁠/)

References

“tl”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
Kaufman, Stephen A. (1974) The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic (The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago Assyriological Studies; 19)‎, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, page 108

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