Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/kabid-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Noun

*kabid- m

liver

Inflection

Declension of *kabid-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*kabidum

*kabidāna

plural stem + *-ūna

Genitive

*kabidim

*kabidayna

plural stem + *-īna

Accusative

*kabidam

possessive forms

1st person

*kabidī / *kabidVya

—

*kabidVni

2nd person m

*kabidVka

*kabidVkumā / *kabidVkumay

*kabidVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*kabidVki

*kabidVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*kabidVšu

*kabidVšumā / *kabidVšumay

*kabidVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*kabidVša

*kabidVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *kabiduya for nom. case, *kabidiya for gen. case, *kabidaya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *kabid-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*kabiduka	*kabidāka	plural stem + *-ūka
Genitive	*kabidika	*kabidayka	plural stem + *-īka
Accusative	*kabidaka	*kabidayka	plural stem + *-īka

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *kabid-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*kabiduki	*kabidāki	plural stem + *-ūki
Genitive	*kabidiki	*kabidayki	plural stem + *-īki
Accusative	*kabidaki	*kabidayki	plural stem + *-īki

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒅗𒁁𒌈 (kabattum, “innards; mood, mind”)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: كَبِد (kabid), كِبْد (kibd)
- Northwest Semitic:
  - Aramaic:
    - Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: כַּבדָּא (kaḇdā)
    - Classical Syriac: ܟܱ݁ܒܕܴ݁ܐ (kaḇdā, “liver; anger”)
  - Hebrew: כָּבֵד (kavéd, kāḇēd)
  - Ugaritic: 𐎋𐎁𐎄 (kbd /⁠kabidu⁠/)
- Ethiopian Semitic:
  - Amharic: ሆድ (hod, “belly”)
  - Ge'ez: ከብድ (käbd, “liver, belly”)
  - Tigrinya: ከብዲ (käbdi, “liver, belly”)

References

Kogan, Leonid (2015) Genealogical Classification of Semitic. The Lexical Isoglosses, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 32

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