< Reconstruction:Proto-Italic

Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/ferō

This Proto-Italic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Italic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti, from *bʰer- (to bear).

Verb

*ferō first-singular present indicative[1]

  1. to carry, bear

Inflection

Inflection of *ferō (third conjugation)
Present *ferō
Perfect
Past participle *fertos
Present indicative Active Passive
1st sing. *ferō *ferōr
2nd sing. *feres *ferezo
3rd sing. *feret *feretor
1st plur. *feromos *feromor
2nd plur. *feretes *ferem(e?)n(ai?)
3rd plur. *feront *ferontor
Present subjunctive Active Passive
1st sing. *ferām *ferār
2nd sing. *ferās *ferāzo
3rd sing. *ferād *ferātor
1st plur. *ferāmos *ferāmor
2nd plur. *ferātes *ferām(e?)n(ai?)
3rd plur. *ferānd *ferāntor
Perfect indicative Active
1st sing.
2nd sing.
3rd sing.
1st plur.
2nd plur.
3rd plur.
Present imperative Active Passive
2nd sing. *fere *ferezo
2nd plur. *ferete
Future imperative Active
2nd + 3rd sing. *feretōd
Participles Present Past
*ferents *fertos
Verbal nouns tu-derivative s-derivative
*fertum *ferezi

Since the paradigm lacked a perfect, a periphrastic perfect was supplied by using the perfect of other verbs. Different languages chose different verbs: Latin used the perfect of *tolnō, while Umbrian used the perfect of *didō. Although this verb is normally thematic, in Latin some forms of this verb lost the thematic vowel, as in present forms ferō, fers, fert, ferimus, fertis, ferunt, and the infinitive ferre compared to Proto-Italic *ferō, *feres, *feret, *feromos, *feretis, *feront, and *ferezi (note -i- in ferimus is kept). This loss of thematic vowels in the Latin present forms is usually attributed to a syncope process, and not a transfer to an athematic conjugation.

In Latin, the original past participle was ousted in its verbal function by this verb as well, and again displaced by the forms of *tolnō.

Descendants

  • Latin: ferō, fertus (see there for further descendants)
  • Marrucinian: feret (3rd plural present), ferenter (3rd plural present passive)
  • Umbrian: fertu (3rd singular imperative)
  • Volscian: ferom (infinitive)

References

  1. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
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