< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yókʷr̥

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *(H)yekʷ- (“liver”) +‎ *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix).

Noun

*yókʷr̥ n

  1. liver

Inflection

Older acrostatic pattern:

Athematic, acrostatic
singular collective
nominative *yókʷr̥ *yékʷōr
genitive *yékʷn̥s *ikʷnés
singular dual plural collective
nominative *yókʷr̥ — — *yékʷōr
vocative *yókʷr̥ — — *yékʷōr
accusative *yókʷr̥ — — *yékʷōr
genitive *yékʷn̥s — — *ikʷnés
ablative *yékʷn̥s — — *ikʷnés
dative *yékʷney — — *ikʷnéy
locative *yékʷn̥, *yékʷni — — *ikʷén, *ikʷéni
instrumental *yékʷn̥h₁ — — *ikʷnéh₁

Later proterokinetic pattern:

Athematic, proterokinetic
singular
nominative *yékʷr̥
genitive *ikʷéns
singular dual plural
nominative *yékʷr̥ *yékʷrih₁ *yékʷr̥h₂
vocative *yékʷr̥ *yékʷrih₁ *yékʷr̥h₂
accusative *yékʷr̥ *yékʷrih₁ *yékʷr̥h₂
genitive *ikʷéns *? *ikʷénoHom
ablative *ikʷéns *? *ikʷénmos
dative *ikʷéney *? *ikʷénmos
locative *ikʷén, *ikʷéni *? *ikʷénsu
instrumental *ikʷénh₁ *? *ikʷénmis

Reconstruction notes

The reconstruction and its inflection are highly uncertain. A dozen alternative proposals are listed in NIL.[1] Only a few are given below.

Alternative reconstructions
  • *yékʷ-r̥ ~ *ikʷ-n-és ~ *yokʷ-én(-i)[2]
  • *yékʷ-r̥ ~ ikʷ-én-s[3]
  • *Hyḗkʷ-r̥ ~ *Hyékʷ-n̥-s[4]
  • *yékʷ-r̥ ~ *yokʷ-én-s[5]

Derived terms
  • *ikʷr-éh₂[1]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ikrā́ˀ (“roe; calf”), *ikra[6][7] (see there for further descendants)
  • *yokʷn-éh₂, *yekʷn-éh₂[1]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jaknā́ˀ, *jeknā́ˀ (“liver”)
      • Latgalian: oknys pl
      • Latvian: aknas pl, jęknas pl (dialect form)
      • Lithuanian: jãknos pl, jẽknos pl
      • Old Prussian: lagno (erroneous for *jagno)

Descendants
  • Proto-Anatolian: *yékʷr̥ ~ *ikʷanós
    • Luwian: [script needed] (ikkwar /⁠ik-ku-wa-a[r]⁠/)[8]
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: լեարդ (leard) (unexplained initial l-)[9] (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *ikʷūr (< *yékʷōr (collective))[1]
  • Proto-Hellenic: *yêkʷər[1]
    • Ancient Greek: ἧπαρ (hêpar) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yákr̥ ~ *yaknás[10] (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *jekʷor[11]
    • Latin: iecur, iocur (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Tocharian: *yäkʷär[12]
    • Tocharian A: ykär
    • Tocharian B: yakär

References
  1. Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 392-94
  2. Rix, Helmut (1965) “Lat. iecur, iocineris”, in Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft [Munich Studies in Linguistics], volume 18, pages 79–92
  3. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  4. Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 13 and 45
  5. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2014) “The Proto-Indo-European Acrostatic Inflection Reconsidered”, in Norbert Oettinger & Thomas Steer, editors, Das Nomen im Indogermanischen, Wiesbade: Reichert Verlag, pages 140–163
  6. Derksen, Rick (2008) “jьkrà, ; jьkro”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN
  7. Derksen, Rick (2015) “ikras”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
  8. Sasseville, David (2020) Anatolian verbal stem formation: Luwian, Lycian and Lydian, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 562
  9. Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “leard”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill
  10. Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “Sanskrit: jákr-/jakn-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages 609-10
  11. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “iecur”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 296: “PIt. *jekʷor [n.], *jekʷen-”
  12. Itkin, Ilya B. (2022) “On Tocharian A cognates of the Tocharian B words meaning ‘spleen’ and ‘liver’”, in Journal of Language Relationship, volume 20, number 3, pages 177–180
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