< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/werh₁-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wer-
 This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*werh₁- (perfective)[1]

  1. to speak, say

Extensions
  • *wer-dʰh₁- (laryngeal deleted per the Lex Schmidt–Hackstein rule)[2]
    • ⇒ *w(V)rdʰh₁om
    • Proto-Hellenic: *wértʰō
      • Ancient Greek: ἔρθει (érthei, “utters”, 3s.act.ind.pres.)
  • *werh₁-i-dʰh₁-e-ti[3][4][5]
    • >? Proto-Anatolian: *wer(H)idʔeti (or from *wer- (“to heed”))
      • Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒋾𒄑𒍣 (ú-e-ri-ti-iz-zi /⁠u̯eritit͡si⁠/, “fears, is frightened”, 3sg.pres.act.)

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *werh₁-‎ (30 c, 0 e)
  • *wérh₁-t ~ *wr̥h₁-ént (athematic root aorist)[6]
    • Anatolian:
      • Hittite: 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒀜 (ú-e-ri-at), 𒌑𒂊𒊑𒀉 (ú-e-ri-et, 3sg.pret.act.)
      • Palaic: 𒌑𒂊𒅕𒋾 (ú-e-er-ti, 3sg.pret.act.)
    • (perhaps) Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: ἐρρήθην (errhḗthēn)
  • *wér-ye-ti (ye-present)
  • *wer-yeh₂
    • Proto-Hellenic: *wéřřā
      • Ancient Greek: εἴρη (eírē)
  • *wr̥h₁-tós
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Armenian:
    • Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Germanic: *wrōgijaną (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wratám (“pledge, vow”)
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wratám
        • Sanskrit: व्रत (vratá) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Iranian: *wratám
        • Avestan: 𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬙𐬀 (uruuāta)

References
  1. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*u̯erh₁-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 689-690
  2. Hackstein, Olav (2002) “Uridg. *CH.CC > *C.CC”, in Historische Sprachforschung‎, volume 115, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, →ISSN, page 14 of 1–22
  3. Oettinger, Norbert (2001) “Hethitisch -ima- oder: Wie ein Suffix affektiv werden kann”, in G. Wilhelm, editor, Akten des IV. Internationalen Kongresses für Hethitologie, Würzburg, 4.-8. Oktober 1999 (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten), volume 45, page 467
  4. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “u̯erite-zi / u̯erit-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1003–1004
  5. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “verbum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 664–665
  6. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “u̯er(ii̯e/a)-zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1159-1160
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