< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/upér

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

Etymology

Same root as *upó.

Adverb

*upér[1]

  1. above
  2. over

Descendants
  • Proto-Armenian: *uwer
  • Proto-Celtic: *uɸor- (see there for further descendants)[2]
  • Proto-Germanic: *uber (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *hupér; *hupéri (< *(s)upéri)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *upári (< *upéri) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *super[3]
    • Latin: super
    • Oscan: 𐌔𐌖𐌐𐌓𐌖 (supru, abl.sg)
    • Umbrian: 𐌔𐌖𐌐𐌄𐌓 (super), 𐌔𐌖𐌁𐌓𐌀 (subra, adverb)

References
  1. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 248
  2. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*ufor-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 398
  3. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “super”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 600
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