< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/spḗr

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Unknown; perhaps of non-Indo-European origin, like many other bird names.[1]

Noun

*spḗr m[2]

  1. sparrow

Inflection
Athematic, hysterokinetic
singular
nominative *spḗr
genitive *sprés
singular dual plural
nominative *spḗr *spérh₁(e) *spéres
vocative *spér *spérh₁(e) *spéres
accusative *spérm̥ *spérh₁(e) *spérm̥s
genitive *sprés *? *spróHom
ablative *sprés *? *spr̥mós
dative *spréy *? *spr̥mós
locative *spér, *spéri *? *spr̥sú
instrumental *spréh₁ *? *spr̥mís

Descendants
  • Proto-Hellenic: *spḗr
    • Ancient Greek: ψήρ (psḗr) (Ionic), ψάρ (psár, “starling”)

Derived terms
  • *spḗr-w-eh₂[3]
    • Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (“sparrow(?)”)
      • Tocharian A: ṣpār (sg.), ṣpārāñ (pl.)
      • Tocharian B: ṣpāra
  • *spór(h₂)-w-ō ~ *spór(h₂)w-en-[1][4]
    • Proto-Germanic: *sparwô[4] (see there for further descendants)
  • *spór(h₂)-w-o-s[1][4]
    • Proto-Germanic: *sparwaz[4] (see there for further descendants)
  • *sprh₂-és-eh₂[1]
    • Proto-Italic: *parezā[1]
      • Latin: parra (“kind of bird (of ill omen)”)
      • Umbrian: parfa (“certain bird”)
  • *sprh₂-w-ó-s[5][1]
    • Proto-Celtic: *sɸrawos (“crow”)[5] (Dybo's law)
      • Middle Breton: frao
        • Breton: fraw
      • Cornish: frau
  • *spr̥-g-[1]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *spurg-
      • ⇒ Old Prussian: spurglis (“sparrow”)

References
  1. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “parra”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 447: “PIt. *parVsā-”
  2. Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*sper-”, in The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 145
  3. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “ṣparā-yäkre”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN: “*spērwehₐ-”
  4. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*sparwa(n)-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 466: “*psor-uo(n)-”
  5. Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “*sfrawo-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 334: “*sprh₂wo-”
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