Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/krews-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*krews-

to freeze, become hard

Derived terms

*krustós (“hardened”)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: crusta (“hard surface”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:[1]
- Proto-Baltic:
  - Latvian: kruvesis (“frozen mud”)
- >? Proto-Slavic:
  - Old Ruthenian: *кра (*kra)
    - ⇒ Old Ruthenian: кри́га (kríha)
      - Belarusian: кры́га (krýha)
        → Polish: kryha
      - Carpathian Rusyn: кри́га (krýha, “ice”)
      - Ukrainian: кри́га (krýha, “ice”)
        → Slovak: kryha
      - → Russian: кри́га (kríga), кры́га (krýga) (dialectal)
Proto-Germanic: *hrusǭ (“ground, crust, ice”)[2]
- Proto-West Germanic:
  - Old English: hruse
  - Old High German: hrosa
  - Old Norse: hroðr (“scurf”)
Proto-Hellenic:[3]
- Ancient Greek: κρύος (krúos, “cold, frost, ice”)
Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Iranian:
  - Avestan: 𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀- (xruzdra-, “hard”)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: क्रुड् (kruḍ, “to thicken, make hard”)
Proto-Tocharian: *kʷroscē (“cold”)[4]
- Tocharian A: kᵤraś
- Tocharian B: krośce

References

^{The template Template:R:zle-obe:HSBM does not use the parameter(s): url=kriga-2
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Bulyka, A. M., editor (1997), “крига II”, in Гістарычны слоўнік беларускай мовы [Historical Dictionary of the Belarusian Language] (in Belarusian), numbers 16 (коржъ – лесничанка), Minsk: Belaruskaia navuka, →ISBN, page 139
Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “krośce”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 236
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “krośce”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 236

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[1] {The template Template:R:zle-obe:HSBM does not use the parameter(s): url=kriga-2
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Bulyka, A. M., editor (1997), “крига II”, in Гістарычны слоўнік беларускай мовы [Historical Dictionary of the Belarusian Language] (in Belarusian), numbers 16 (коржъ – лесничанка), Minsk: Belaruskaia navuka, →ISBN, page 139

[2] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “krośce”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 236

[3] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[4] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “krośce”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 236