< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃nṓgʰs

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions
  • *h₃nógʷʰ-s (gen.sg. *h₃n̥gʷʰ-és)[1]

Noun

*h₃nṓgʰs m[2]

  1. nail (of the finger or toe)

Inflection
Athematic, amphikinetic
singular
nominative *h₃nṓgʰs
genitive *h₃negʰés
singular dual plural
nominative *h₃nṓgʰs *h₃nógʰh₁(e) *h₃nógʰes
vocative *h₃nógʰ *h₃nógʰh₁(e) *h₃nógʰes
accusative *h₃nógʰm̥ *h₃nógʰh₁(e) *h₃nógʰm̥s
genitive *h₃negʰés *? *h₃negʰóHom
ablative *h₃negʰés *? *h₃negʰmós
dative *h₃negʰéy *? *h₃negʰmós
locative *h₃négʰ, *h₃négʰi *? *h₃negʰsú
instrumental *h₃negʰéh₁ *? *h₃negʰmís

Derived terms
  • *h₃nogʰ-éh₂
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nagā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)
  • *h₃nógʰ-u-s ~ *h₃n̥gʰ-éw-s[3][4]
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Hittite: 𒊭𒀭𒆪𒉿𒄿 (ša-an-ku-wa-i)
      • Luwian: [script needed] (ta-am-mu-ga /⁠tammūga⁠/)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nagutis[5]
    • Proto-Celtic: *angʷīnā (< later *h₃n̥gʰ-ú-s[4]) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Proto-Italic: *ungus (or < later *h₃n̥gʰ-ú-s)[4]
      • Latin: unguis (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Tocharian: *mekwā
  • *h₃nógʰ-l̥ ~ *h₃négʰ-n̥s[6]
    • >? Proto-Albanian:
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hnágr̥
      • Proto-Iranian: *Hnágr̥[6]
        • Old Median: *nagr̥
          • Talysh: nangыr
        • Wakhi: [script needed] (diɣ̌ə́r), [script needed] (digə́r)
    • ⇒ *h₃nogʰl-ó-s[4][1]
      • Proto-Germanic: *naglaz[1] (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Italic: *unglā[4]
        • Latin: ungula (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ *h₃nógʰl-is ~ *h₃n̥gʰl-éys[6]

Descendants
  • Armenian: *unug- (< accusative *h₃nógʰ-m̥)[7]
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nágas
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hnā́kš (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*nagl-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 381
  2. Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
  3. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ὄνυξ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1086-1087
  4. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “unguis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 641
  5. Derksen, Rick (2008) “naga”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 355
  6. Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2012) “Avestisch nāf° und nabā.-: Flexion und Wortbildung”, in Schindlers Listen: Ein Vierteljahrhundert Jochem-Schindler-Lehre‎, volume 13, Wien
  7. Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 254-255
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