< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁eǵʰs

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

Reconstruction

Italic, Celtic and Greek point to PIE *h₁eḱs. Balto-Slavic *iś and *iź (either could be word-sandhi variant of the other) forms have unexplained initial *i-. However, due to aspirates in the old compounds such as ἔσχατος (éskhatos) and ἐχθός (ekhthós), a pre-form *h₁eǵʰs is needed.[2] Dunkel reconstructs without *h₁ because he allows vowel-initial words.

Adverb

*h₁eǵʰs

  1. out

Derived terms
  • *h₁eǵʰs-to-
    • Proto-Albanian: *e(k)šta
  • *h₁eǵʰs-tos
    • Proto-Celtic: *extos (“except, but”)[3]
      • Old Irish: acht (“but, provided that”), act
    • Proto-Hellenic: *ekʰthós, *ekʰ(h)tós
      • Ancient Greek: ἐχθός (ekhthós), ἐκτός (ektós) (see there for further descendants)
  • *h₁eǵʰs-teros
    • Proto-Celtic: *exteros (“outside (of), without”)[4]
      • Proto-Brythonic: *exter
        • Middle Welsh: eithr, eithyr
      • Old Irish: echtar
    • Proto-Italic: *eksteros
  • *h₁eǵʰs-tm̥mós
    • Proto-Celtic: *extamos[5]
      • Proto-Brythonic: *extaβ̃
        • Welsh: eithaf (“extreme, farthest; extremity, end”)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *ékʰstətos (with regular superlative suffix from *-tm̥-tos)
      • >? Ancient Greek: ἔσχατος (éskhatos, “outermost, farthest, most remote, last”) (with metathesis and simplification of the cluster) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *ekstemos
      • Latin: extimus (“outermost, farthest”)

Descendants
  • Proto-Albanian: *its
    • Albanian: ith (“back, backward”), ish- (“former”) (< ek's)
  • Proto-Albanian: *eś-
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *iź, *iś
    • Latvian: iz
    • Lithuanian: iš
    • Old Prussian: is
    • Proto-Slavic: *jьz (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *exs, *exs- (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *eh
  • Proto-Hellenic: *eks, *eks-
    • Ancient Greek: ἐξ (ex), ἐξ- (ex-) > ἐκ (ek), ἐκ- (ek-)
    • Mycenaean Greek: *eks-
      • ⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀒𐀰𐀺𐀒 (e-ko-so-wo-ko, “outside workers”)
  • Proto-Italic: *eks
    • Latin: ex, ex- (see there for further descendants)
      • → English: ex-
    • Oscan: -𐌇𐌄 (-he)
    • Umbrian: -𐌄𐌇𐌄 (-ehe)

References
  1. The template Template:R:ine:LIPP does not use the parameter(s): 
    p=205
    Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.    Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (Indogermanische Bibliothek. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher) (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, →ISBN
  2. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 433
  3. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*extos”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 120
  4. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*extero-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 120
  5. “Addenda et corrigenda to Ranko Matasović’s Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Brill, Leiden 2009)”
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