< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷéru

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Noun

*gʷéru n[1][2]

  1. spit, skewer
  2. spear, throwing spear

Inflection
Athematic, proterokinetic
singular
nominative *gʷéru
genitive *gʷréws
singular dual plural
nominative *gʷéru *gʷérwih₁ *gʷéruh₂
vocative *gʷéru *gʷérwih₁ *gʷéruh₂
accusative *gʷéru *gʷérwih₁ *gʷéruh₂
genitive *gʷréws *? *gʷréwoHom
ablative *gʷréws *? *gʷrúmos
dative *gʷréwey *? *gʷrúmos
locative *gʷréw, *gʷréwi *? *gʷrúsu
instrumental *gʷrúh₁ *? *gʷrúmis

Descendants
  • Proto-Celtic: *beru (“spit”)[3] (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *kweru (“sharp stick”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáru
    • Proto-Iranian: *gráw, *gáru (“stick, hollow reed”)[4]
      • Avestan: 𐬔𐬭𐬀𐬬𐬀 (grava, “staff”)
      • Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫃𐫡𐫇𐫇 (grww, “cane, reed”)
  • Proto-Italic: *gʷeru (“spit”)[2] (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “*gʷeru-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 479
  2. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “venu, -ūs”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 668: “*gʷer(H)-u- 'spit'”
  3. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*beru-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 62
  4. Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2007) “*²grau-, *²garṷ-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume III, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 290
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