< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bak-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*bak-[1]

  1. peg, club

Reconstruction notes

Various points suggest a post-Indo-European borrowing from an unknown source:

  • The phoneme *b, which is rare and of somewhat doubtful status.
  • The consistent occurrence of *a.
  • The alternation between *k and geminate *kk across the descendants.

According to Oxford's Introduction to proto-Indo-European,[2] the initial *b- may have been due to the informal ("popular") nature of the term. Kroonen[3] and De Vaan[4] reconstruct no Proto-Indo-European form at all. Compare Proto-Afroasiatic *bak, "to strike".

Derived terms
  • *bak-o-s
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bakas
      • Proto-Slavic: *bokъ (“flank”)[5] (possibly)
  • *bakk-o-s
  • *bak-sḱ- (possibly)
    • Balto-Slavic:
      • ⇒ Lithuanian: bàkstelėti (“to thrust”)[4]
      • ⇒ Latvian: bakstīt (“to poke”)
  • *bak-tro-m, *bak-tlo-m
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: βάκτρον (báktron)[6]
    • Proto-Italic: *bakklom
  • *bak-yéh₂
    • Proto-Germanic: *pagjō

References
  1. Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 93
  2. Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 246
  3. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*pagila-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 395
  4. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “baculum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 67
  5. Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “бок”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
  6. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “βακτηρία”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 194
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