< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰéymn̥

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

May be analysed as a primary derivative *ǵʰey- (“winter”) +‎ *-mn̥ (action or result suffix), but this is unlikely as all derivatives in daughter languages are based on *ǵʰéy-ōm. Thus other possiblilties listed by NIL[1] and Ozoliņš (2015)[2] are:

  • *ǵʰéy-ōm + *-mn̥ (secondary men-stem),
  • *ǵʰéy-ōm + *-n̥ (secondary n-stem),[3][4][5]
  • *ǵʰéy-ōm + *-r̥ (secondary r/n-stem),[6]
  • *ǵʰéy-m (loc.sg.) + *én (“in”), a postpositional phrase meaning "in winter", reanalysed as *ǵʰéy-men, the loc.sg. of a men-stem.[2][7][8]

Noun

*ǵʰéymn̥ n[1][2][3][4][5][6][9]

  1. winter

Inflection
Athematic, proterokinetic
singular collective
nominative *ǵʰéymn̥ *ǵʰéymō
genitive *ǵʰiméns *ǵʰym̥nés
singular dual plural collective
nominative *ǵʰéymn̥ *ǵʰéym̥nih₁ — *ǵʰéymō
vocative *ǵʰéymn̥ *ǵʰéym̥nih₁ — *ǵʰéymō
accusative *ǵʰéymn̥ *ǵʰéym̥nih₁ — *ǵʰéymō
genitive *ǵʰiméns *? — *ǵʰym̥nés
ablative *ǵʰiméns *? — *ǵʰym̥nés
dative *ǵʰiméney *? — *ǵʰym̥néy
locative *ǵʰimén, *ǵʰiméni *? — *ǵʰimén, *ǵʰiméni
instrumental *ǵʰiménh₁ *? — *ǵʰym̥néh₁

Descendants
  • Proto-Anatolian:
    • Hittite: 𒄀𒈠𒀭 (gi-ma-an /⁠giman⁠/, “the winter”, acc.sg.) (< acc.sg. *ǵʰimn̥), 𒄀𒅎𒈪 (gi-im-mi /⁠gimmi⁠/, “in the winter”, dat.loc.sg.) (< loc.sg. *ǵʰimni)[3][4]
  • Proto-Albanian: *deimena, *dimena[10]
    • Albanian: dimër, dimën (“winter”)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰéimə (< nom.sg. *ǵʰéymn̥)), *kʰeimṓn (< nom.col. *ǵʰéymō))
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáyma[11]
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáyma
      • Sanskrit: हेमन् (héman, “in the winter”, loc.sg.) (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 162-163: “*ĝʰei̯-m-en-”
  2. Ozoliņš, Kaspars (2015) “Chapter 4 *g̑ʰi̯em- 'Winter'”, in Revisiting Proto-Indo-European Schwebeablaut (PhD doctorate), Los Angeles: University of California, pages 66-79
  3. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “gimm-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 475-476: “n-stem *ǵʰeim-n-”
  4. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “χεῖμα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1619-1620: “*ǵʰeim-en”
  5. Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015) The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, page 74
  6. Rieken, Elisabeth (1999) Untersuchungen zur nominalen Stammbildung des Hethitischen (Studien Zu Den Bogazkoy-Texten; 44)‎ (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →DOI, page 362 (as cited by NIL, page 165)
  7. Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (Indogermanische Bibliothek. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher) (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, →ISBN, page 230
  8. Nussbaum, Alan J. (1986) Head and Horn in Indo-European (Untersuchungen zur indogermanischen Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft. NF / Studies in Indo-European Language and Culture. New Series; 2), Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, →DOI, →ISBN, page 189
  9. Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 242: “*ĝheimen-”
  10. Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “dimër - dimën”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 66: “IE *ĝheimen-”
  11. Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “héman”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 226: “Proto-Indo-Iranian: ȷ́ʰáiman; IE form: ǵʰeimen(-)”
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