Reconstruction:Proto-Hmong-Mien/ʔu̯əm

This Proto-Hmong-Mien entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Hmong-Mien

Etymology

Compare Austroasiatic[1]: Proto-Palaungic *ʔoːm, Proto-Khmuic *ʔom (Sidwell)

Noun

*ʔu̯əm

water

Descendants

Hmongic
- Pa Hng
  - Pa Hng - Gundong 滚董: ʔaŋ³⁵
  - Hm Nai - Mao'ao 毛坳: ʔaŋ³⁵
- North Hmongic
  - West Xiangxi (Xong) - Layiping 腊乙坪: ʔu³⁵
  - East Xiangxi (Suang) - Xiaozhang 小章: ʔu⁵³
- East Hmongic
  - North Qiandong - Yanghao 养蒿: ʔə³³
  - East Qiandong - Caidiwan 菜地湾: ʔeu²⁴
  - South Qiandong - Yaogao 尧告: ʔu¹³
  - West Qiandong (Raojia) - Heba 河坝: ʔeu⁴⁴
- Sheic
  - Younuo 优诺: ʔŋ̩⁴⁴
  - Jiongnai - Longhua 龙华: ʔɒŋ⁴⁴
  - Bana 巴那: ʔŋ̩¹³
  - She - Xiashuicun 下水村: ʔɔŋ²²
- West Hmongic
  - Bunu
    - Dongnu - Qibainong 七百弄: ʔau³³
    - Nunu - Xishan 西山: ʔaŋ³³
    - Numao - Yaolu 瑶麓: ʔou³³
  - Core
    - East Luobuohe (Xijia) - Shibanqiao 石板寨: qo⁰⁵ʔuŋ³¹
    - West Luobuohe - Gaozhai 高寨: ʔə⁰²ʔoŋ³¹
    - Huishui - Gaopo 高坡: ʔõ²⁴
    - Mashan - Zongdi 宗地: ʔaŋ³²
    - A-Hmao - Shimenpo 石门坡: ʔau⁵⁵
    - Chuanqiandian - Dananshan 大南山: tɬe³¹
Mienic
- Mien
  - Guangdian (Jiangdi): wam³³
  - Xiangnan (Miaoziyuan): wəŋ³³
- Kim Mun
  - Diangui (Liangzi): wam³⁵
  - Fanghai (Tansan): wɔm³⁵
- Biao Mon
  - Changping: wəm³³
  - Luoxiang: wəm³³
- Biao Min
  - Dongshan: ən³³
  - Shikou: vən³³
  - Niuweizhai: wən³³
- Dzao Min (Daping): m̩²⁴

References

Ostapirat, Weera (2018) “Macrophyletic Trees of East Asian Languages Re examined”, in Kikusawa, Ritsuko, Reid, Lawrence A., editors, Let's Talk about Trees (Senri Ethnological Studies), Osaka: Minpaku, →DOI

Ratliff, Martha (2010) Hmong-Mien language history (Studies in Language Change; 8), Camberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics, →ISBN.
Chen, Qiguang (陈其光) (2013) Miao Yao yuwen (苗瑶语文), Beijing: Minzu chubanshe (民族出版社), →ISBN
Mao, Zongwu (毛宗武) (2004) Yaozu Mianyu fangyan yanjiu (瑤族勉语方言研究), Beijing: Minzu chubanshe (民族出版社)

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[Ostapirat_2018-1] Ostapirat, Weera (2018) “Macrophyletic Trees of East Asian Languages Re examined”, in Kikusawa, Ritsuko, Reid, Lawrence A., editors, Let's Talk about Trees (Senri Ethnological Studies), Osaka: Minpaku, →DOI