< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gazdaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Compare Latin hasta (“shaft; spear”). Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰast- (“rod, pole, bar, switch”), but, given the irregular phonetic variation and limited distribution, these are probably of non-Indo-European substrate origin.[1][2][3]

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈɣɑz.dɑz/

Noun

*gazdaz m

  1. goad; spike

Inflection
masculine a-stemDeclension of *gazdaz (masculine a-stem)
singular plural
nominative *gazdaz *gazdōz, *gazdōs
vocative *gazd *gazdōz, *gazdōs
accusative *gazdą *gazdanz
genitive *gazdas, *gazdis *gazdǫ̂
dative *gazdai *gazdamaz
instrumental *gazdō *gazdamiz

Synonyms

Derived terms
  • *gazdī ~ *gazdiz
    • *gaʀdi (“rod”) (see there for further descendants)

Descendants
  • Proto-West Germanic: *gaʀd
    • Old English: ġeard f
    • Old Saxon: gard m or f
      • Middle Low German: gart f
    • Old Dutch: *gard
      • Middle Dutch: gart, gāert m
    • Old High German: gart m
      • Middle High German: gart
        • German: Gart
  • Old Norse: gaddr
  • Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍃 (gazds)

References
  1. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*gazda-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 172
  2. Lubotsky, Alexander (2004) “Avestan siiazd-, Sanskrit sedh-, Latin cēdere”, in Hyllested, Adam, Anders Jørgensen, Jenny Larsson and Thomas Olander, editors, Per Aspera ad Asteriscos: Studia indogermanica in honorem Jens Elmegård Rasmussen sexagenarii Idibus Martiis anno MMIV, Innsbruck: Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft, page 329/330 of 323–332
  3. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “hasta”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 280
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