< Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian

Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/kaḷam

This Proto-Dravidian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Dravidian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Compound of *kaḷ +‎ *-am. Disputed to have a connection with Elamite 𒄩𒌌 (hal, “land”).

Noun

*kaḷam[1][2]

  1. an open place (threshing floor, battle ground)

Descendants
  • South Dravidian:
    • Tulu: ಕಲ (kala)
    • Tamil-Kannada:
      • Kannada: ಕಣ (kaṇa), ಕಳ (kaḷa)
      • Kodava: ಕಳ (kaḷa)
      • Kota (India): கள்ம் (kaḷm), கவால் (kavāl)
      • Tamil-Malayalam:
  • South-Central Dravidian:
    • Telugu: కళ్లము (kaḷlamu), కళ్ళాము (kaḷḷāmu), కడ్లాము (kaḍlāmu), కలను (kalanu)
    • Gondi: कड़ा, కలం (kalaṁ)​
    • Manda (India): କା୕ଡ଼ା (kāṛa)
    • Kui (India): କ୍ଲାଇ (klai)
    • Kuvi: କ୍ଡ଼ାନୂ (kṛanū), କାଲୋ୕ମି (kalōmi)
  • Central Dravidian:
    • Kolami: కలవె (kalave)
    • Southeastern Kolami: కళవె (kaḷave), కలై (kalai)
    • Ollari: కలిన్ (kalin)
  • North Dravidian:
    • Kumarbhag Paharia: क़लु
    • Kurukh: ख़ल्ल (xall)
  • → Sanskrit: खल (khala) (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003) The Dravidian Languages (Cambridge Language Surveys), Cambridge University Press, →ISBN.
  2. Burrow, T., Emeneau, M. B. (1984) A Dravidian etymological dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, →ISBN.

Further reading
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 305
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