Reconstruction:Proto-Balto-Slavic/jáuˀrāˀ

This Proto-Balto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Balto-Slavic

Etymology

Disputed:

Formally matches Old Armenian ջուր (ǰur, “water”), Thracian Iuras (river in Strandzha, recorded by Pliny), presumably from Proto-Indo-European *yewH- + r-suffix. Favoured by Meillet, Solta, Olsen.
Another possibility is origin from reduplicated or metathesized variants of wider attested *h₁wer(s)- (“to precipitate”)[1] or Proto-Indo-European *h₂wer- (“to spring, to gush”). Initial *j- in this case would be due to regular sound change pIE *eu > pBSl *jau in tautosyllabic environment. Potential relatives include Sanskrit वारि (vā́ri, “water”), Latin ūrīna (“urine”), Ancient Greek οὖρον (oûron, “urine”), Old Norse ver (“sea”), Proto-Slavic *virъ (“spring”), possibly Old Armenian գայռ (gayṙ, “mud”).
Schmidt alternatively considers relation to Ancient Greek αὔρᾱ (aúrā, “steam, breeze”).

No Slavic descendants are safely deduced. Superficial match to the related i-stem is dial. Russian вырь (vyrʹ, “wirlpool”) (for the development Proto-Balto-Slavic *jū- > Proto-Slavic *vy- compare the pronoun *vy (“you”)). The fabled names for “Otherworld, Elysium” in a handful of Slavic languages:

East Slavic:
- Belarusian: вы́рай (výraj)
- Russian: вы́рей (výrej)
- Ukrainian: ви́рiй (výrij)
West Slavic:
- Polish: wyraj

have been also suggested as possible cognates,[2] however, with lesser certainty. These mythonyms could alternatively be *vъ- prefixed variants[3] of the Iranian borrowing *jьrьjь (“Aryan realm”) (whence Russian ирей (irej), Ukrainian ірій (irij), Serbo-Croatian ириј, Czech irij), which Early Slavs believed to be the place where birds migrate during winter. Other theories also exist.

Derksen qualifies the existence of Slavic descendants as "highly uncertain"[1].

Noun

*jáuˀrāˀ f

body of water (lake, sea), marshland

Alternative forms

*jū́ˀrāˀ[1] (0-grade)
*wū́ˀras (in Prussian)

Inflection

Declension of *jáuˀrāˀ (ā-stem, fixed accent)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*jáuˀrāˀ	*jáuˀrāiˀ	*jáuˀrās
Accusative	*jáuˀrā⁽ˀ⁾n	*jáuˀrāiˀ	*jáuˀrā⁽ˀ⁾ns
Genitive	*jáuˀrā⁽ˀ⁾s	*jáuˀrāu⁽ˀ⁾	*jáuˀrōn
Locative	*jáuˀrāiˀ	*jáuˀrāu⁽ˀ⁾	*jáuˀrā⁽ˀ⁾su
Dative	*jáuˀrāi	*jáuˀrā⁽ˀ⁾mā⁽ˀ⁾	*jáuˀrā⁽ˀ⁾mas
Instrumental	*jáuˀrāˀn	*jáuˀrā⁽ˀ⁾māˀ	*jáuˀrā⁽ˀ⁾mīˀs
Vocative	*jáuˀra	*jáuˀrāiˀ	*jáuˀrās

Related terms

*jū́ˀris, *jū́ˀrija ~ *jū́ˀrē (“wetland, moor”)
*jū́ˀrus (“marshy”)

Descendants

East Baltic:
- Latvian: jūra (“sea”)
- Lithuanian: jáura (“marshy, damp place”) (dialectal), jū́ra (“sea”)
West Baltic:
- Old Prussian: wurs (“pond”)
→ Proto-Uralic: *jäwrä (Finno-Volgaic) (see there for further descendants)

References

Derksen, Rick (2015) “jūra”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 215: “PIE *u(e/o)h₁-r-”
Kempiński, Andrzej (2001) Encyklopedia mitologii ludów indoeuropejskich [Encyclopedia of mythology of Indo-European peoples] (in Polish), Warszawa: Iskry, →ISBN
Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “ирей”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress

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[Derksen-1] Derksen, Rick (2015) “jūra”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 215: “PIE *u(e/o)h₁-r-”

[2] Kempiński, Andrzej (2001) Encyklopedia mitologii ludów indoeuropejskich [Encyclopedia of mythology of Indo-European peoples] (in Polish), Warszawa: Iskry, →ISBN

[3] Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “ирей”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress