-cinor
Latin
Etymology
From canō, canere (“to sing; to recite; to foretell, predict, prophesy”), with vowel weakening in the unstressed syllable and a change to first-conjugation inflectional endings.
The line between suffixes and compounds in Latin is not always clear: some verbs ending in -cinor may be considered to be compounds, but in latrōcinor (“to be a mercenary soldier, to commit highway robbery”), the original meaning of canō is so weakened that -cinor seems to be no more than a suffix.[1]
According to de Vaan, Leumann 1977: 551 follows Ernout in considering the class of verbs ending in -cinor to have arisen by analogical extension from vāticinor (“to prophesy, foretell”), which is assumed to be a denominal verb derived from a compound noun *vāti-cinium.[2] Compare also the attested nouns latrōcinium, lenōcinium, ratiōcinium, where according to Chase (1900) "the unexplained -cinium seems to have sunk to the force of a suffix".[3]
Alternatively, Chase (1901) and Cocchia (1917) argue that forms in -ōcin- may derive from original -ōnic- (from stems in -ōn- + -icus) by metathesis, aided by analogy with vāticinor.[4][5] Forms in -ōnic- are the source of some Romance derivatives such as ladroneccio, but those forms are usually considered to be the result of, rather than the input to, a process of metathesis.
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ki.nor/, [kɪnɔr]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /t͡ʃi.nor/, [t͡ʃinor]
Suffix
-cinor (present infinitive -cinārī or -cinārier, perfect active -cinātus sum); first conjugation, deponent
- suffix used to form verbs from nouns[6]
Conjugation
| Conjugation of -cinor (first conjugation, deponent) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | -cinor | -cināris, -cināre |
-cinātur | -cināmur | -cināminī | -cinantur |
| imperfect | -cinābar | -cinābāris, -cinābāre |
-cinābātur | -cinābāmur | -cinābāminī | -cinābantur | |
| future | -cinābor | -cināberis, -cinābere |
-cinābitur | -cinābimur | -cinābiminī | -cinābuntur | |
| perfect | -cinātus + present active indicative of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | -cinātus + imperfect active indicative of sum | ||||||
| future perfect | -cinātus + future active indicative of sum | ||||||
| sigmatic future1 | -cināssor | -cināsseris | -cināssitur | — | — | — | |
| subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | -ciner | -cinēris, -cinēre |
-cinētur | -cinēmur | -cinēminī | -cinentur |
| imperfect | -cinārer | -cinārēris, -cinārēre |
-cinārētur | -cinārēmur | -cinārēminī | -cinārentur | |
| perfect | -cinātus + present active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | -cinātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| imperative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | — | -cināre | — | — | -cināminī | — |
| future | — | -cinātor | -cinātor | — | — | -cinantor | |
| non-finite forms | active | passive | |||||
| present | perfect | future | present | perfect | future | ||
| infinitives | -cinārī, -cinārier2 |
-cinātum esse | -cinātūrum esse | — | — | — | |
| participles | -cināns | -cinātus | -cinātūrus | — | — | -cinandus | |
| verbal nouns | gerund | supine | |||||
| genitive | dative | accusative | ablative | accusative | ablative | ||
| -cinandī | -cinandō | -cinandum | -cinandō | -cinātum | -cinātū | ||
1At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" tense is attested, which is used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, and, as the verb is deponent, takes the form of what would otherwise be the rare sigmatic future passive indicative tense (which is not attested in the plural for any verb).
2The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.
Derived terms
References
- Fay, E. W. (1904) "Studies of Latin Words in -cinio-, -cinia-. II. -cinium, 'Calling,' a Partially Developed Latin Suffix." The Classical Review, 18(7), 349–351. http://www.jstor.org/stable/694609, page 350
- De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “canō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 88
- Chase, George D. (1900) "The Form of Nominal Compounds in Latin," Harvard Studies in Classical Philology Vol. 11, pp. 61-72, page 70
- Chase, George D. (1901) "Latin Verbs in -cinari," (abstract), Transactions and proceedings of the American Philological Association Vol. 32, pages lxxiii-lxxiv
- Cocchia, Enrico (1917) "Nuova Serie di Note Glottologiche, Parte Seconda, Il ritmo del discorso studiato in rapporto col fenomeno della distrazione omerica, della legge di posizione e della evoluzione dei suoni" in Rendiconti della Accademia di archeologia, lettere e belle arti, Volume 5; pp 151-216. page 214 [64 of 66]
- White, John Tahourdin (1858) Latin Suffixes, page 134