-습니다

Korean

Alternative forms

ㅂ니다 (-mnida) — after vowels or ㄹ (l)
습나이다 (-seumnaida), ㅂ나이다 (-mnaida) — archaic

Etymology

From earlier ᄉᆞᆸᄂᆡ다 (-seumnaeda) in the nineteenth century, contracted from ᄉᆞᆸᄂᆞ이다 (-seumnaida), used since the seventeenth century. The uncontracted form is still found as 습나이다 (-seumnaida), now archaic.

Ultimately formed by a merger of the Middle Korean verbal suffixes ᄉᆞᆸ〯 (Yale: -sǒp-, object honorific) + ᄂᆞ〮 (Yale: -nó-, present tense marker) + ᅌᅵ (Yale: -ngì-, addressee honorific for questions) + 다〮 (Yale: -tá, declarative mood marker).

The allomorph ㅂ니다 (-mnida) after sonorants represents the fact that the Middle Korean object honorific ᄉᆞᆸ〯 (Yale: -sǒp-) had the allomorph ᅀᆞᆸ〯 (-zǒp-) after sonorants, which became simply ㅂ (-b-) after Middle Korean /z/ was (almost) unconditionally deleted in the sixteenth century.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [s͈ɯmnida̠]
Phonetic hangul: [씀니다]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization^?	seumnida
Revised Romanization (translit.)^?	seubnida
McCune–Reischauer^?	ssŭmnida
Yale Romanization^?	qsupnita

Suffix

습니다 • (-seumnida)

Declarative suffix for sentence-final verbs in the 하십시오체 (hasipsioche, “formal polite”) speech level.
고맙습니다. ― Gomapseumnida. ― Thank you.

Derived terms

(ethnic slur) 스무니다 (-seumunida)

Related terms

습니까 (-seumnikka)
읍시다 (-eupsida)

Descendants

→ Chinese:
- Mandarin: 思密達／思密达 (sīmìdá)
→ Japanese: ニダ (nida)

References

정언학 (Jeong Eon-hak) (2006) “통합형 어미 '습니다'류의 통시적 형성과 형태 분석 [tonghaphyeong eomi -seumnida ryuui tongsijeok hyeongseonggwa hyeongtae bunseok]”, in Gugeo gyoyuk, volume 121, pages 317—356

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