越える

Japanese

Kanji in this term
越
こ Grade: S
kun’yomi

Alternative spellings
超える踰える

Etymology

From Old Japanese 越ゆ (koyu), in the 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) pattern.

Development

Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) こえる [kòérú] (Heiban – [0])[1]
IPA^(key): [ko̞e̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]

Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "越える"

Stem forms
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形)	越える	こえる	`[kòérú]`
Imperative (命令形)	越えよ	こえよ	`[kòéꜜyò]`
Key constructions
Passive	越えられる	こえられる	`[kòérárérú]`
Causative	越えさせる	こえさせる	`[kòésásérú]`
Potential	越えられる	こえられる	`[kòérárérú]`
Volitional	越えよう	こえよー	`[kòéyóꜜò]`
Negative	越えない	こえない	`[kòénáí]`
Negative perfective	越えなかった	こえなかった	`[kòénáꜜkàttà]`
Formal	越えます	こえます	`[kòémáꜜsù]`
Perfective	越えた	こえた	`[kòétá]`
Conjunctive	越えて	こえて	`[kòété]`
Hypothetical conditional	越えれば	こえれば	`[kòéréꜜbà]`

Verb

越(こ)える • (koeru) transitive ichidan (stem 越(こ)え (koe), past 越(こ)えた (koeta))

to exceed, to go over, to be more than, to cross
限界(げんかい)を越(こ)える
genkai o koeru
to exceed boundaries/limits

10％を超(こ)える
10% o koeru
to go over ten percent
to surpass, to excel
予想(よそう)を超(こ)える
yosō o koeru
to surpass expectations

先輩(せんぱい)を超(こ)える
senpai o koeru
to surpass a senior
to transcend
時(とき)を越(こ)える
toki o koeru
to transcend time

Usage notes

The verb is variously written as 越える or 超える. In the senses “to go over, to cross”, 越える may be more common, while 超える may be more common in the sense “to surpass”.[2] The form 踰える is rare and perhaps obsolete, though it is attested as recently as 1890.[3]

Conjugation

Conjugation of "越える" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	越え	こえ	koe
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	越え	こえ	koe
Shūshikei ("terminal")	越える	こえる	koeru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	越える	こえる	koeru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	越えれ	こえれ	koere
Meireikei ("imperative")	越えよ¹ 越えろ²	こえよ¹ こえろ²	koeyo¹ koero²
Key constructions
Passive	越えられる	こえられる	koerareru
Causative	越えさせる越えさす	こえさせるこえさす	koesaseru koesasu
Potential	越えられる越えれる³	こえられるこえれる³	koerareru koereru³
Volitional	越えよう	こえよう	koeyō
Negative	越えない越えぬ越えん	こえないこえぬこえん	koenai koenu koen
Negative continuative	越えず	こえず	koezu
Formal	越えます	こえます	koemasu
Perfective	越えた	こえた	koeta
Conjunctive	越えて	こえて	koete
Hypothetical conditional	越えれば	こえれば	koereba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential

Synonyms

(surpass): 追(お)い越(こ)す (oikosu), 凌(しの)ぐ (shinogu)

Antonyms

(antonym(s) of “go over numerically”): 切(き)る (kiru, “go under”)

References

Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
2004. “こえる²” in Kenkyūsha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, fifth edition. Tokyo: Kenkyūsha.
Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

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[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[2] 2004. “こえる²” in Kenkyūsha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, fifth edition. Tokyo: Kenkyūsha.

[3] Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN