終える

Japanese
Kanji in this term
終
お
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

Etymology

/wopu/ → (attributive) /wopuru/ → /wofuru/ → (grammatical shift) /woferu/ → /oheru/ → /oeru/

From Old Japanese verb wopu,[1][2][3] from Proto-Japonic *wopu.

Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

The root verb was ambitransitive, with both transitive and intransitive senses conjugated using the 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) pattern. Over time, the two senses differentiated as the intransitive evolved into modern 終わる (owaru, also derivable as the spontaneous or passive -aru ending from a putative but unrecorded 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō), the full quadrigrade conjugation pattern), while the transitive evolved into modern 終える (oeru, with the 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) pattern, also known as "type 2", and the expected historical development for shimo nidan verbs).

Probably not related to superficially similar 追う (ou , ancient opu, “to follow”, quadrigrade conjugation in older Japanese), considering the distinct lack of initial /w/ in ancient spellings.

Pronunciation
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "終える"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)		 終える おえる [òérú]
Imperative (命令形) 終えろ おえろ [òéró]
Key constructions
Passive 終えられる おえられる [òérárérú]
Causative 終えさせる おえさせる [òésásérú]
Potential 終えられる おえられる [òérárérú]
Volitional 終えよう おえよ​ー [òéyóꜜò]
Negative 終えない おえない [òénáí]
Negative perfective 終えなかった おえな​かった [òénáꜜkàttà]
Formal 終えます おえま​す [òémáꜜsù]
Perfective 終えた おえた [òétá]
Conjunctive 終えて おえて [òété]
Hypothetical conditional 終えれば おえれ​ば [òéréꜜbà]

Verb

終(お)える • (oeru) ←をへる (woferu)?transitive ichidan (stem 終(お)え (oe), past 終(お)えた (oeta))

Japanese verb pair
active 終える
mediopassive 終わる
  1. to end (something), to conclude (something), to finish (something), to quit (something)

Conjugation
Conjugation of "終える" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 終え おえ oe
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 終え おえ oe
Shūshikei ("terminal") 終える おえる oeru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 終える おえる oeru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 終えれ おえれ oere
Meireikei ("imperative") 終えよ¹
終えろ²		 おえよ¹
おえろ²		 oeyo¹
oero²
Key constructions
Passive 終えられる おえられる oerareru
Causative 終えさせる
終えさす		 おえさせる
おえさす		 oesaseru
oesasu
Potential 終えられる
終えれる³		 おえられる
おえれる³		 oerareru
oereru³
Volitional 終えよう おえよう oeyō
Negative 終えない
終えぬ
終えん		 おえない
おえぬ
おえん		 oenai
oenu
oen
Negative continuative 終えず おえず oezu
Formal 終えます おえます oemasu
Perfective 終えた おえた oeta
Conjunctive 終えて おえて oete
Hypothetical conditional 終えれば おえれば oereba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential

Synonyms

Antonyms

Derived terms

References
  1. Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  4. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  5. Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  6. Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
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