独楽

See also: 獨樂

Japanese
独楽 (koma, komatsuburi, komatsukuri, tsumukuri, dokuraku): a collection of spinning tops.

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
独 楽
Grade: 5 Grade: 2
irregular
Alternative spelling
獨樂 (kyūjitai)

Appears to be a shortening of older reading komatsukuri[1] or komatsuburi[1][2] (see below).

The shorter form koma is now the most common reading. The kanji spelling is an example of jukujikun (熟字訓).

Pronunciation

Noun

独楽(こま) • (koma) 

  1. a spinning top
  2. (by extension) a rigid object that can rotate freely around a fixed point
  3. a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) in the form or shape of a spinning top
  4. a hexagonal or octagonal top, decorated with images and/or writing, used for gambling
    Synonym: 御花独楽 (ohanagoma)
Derived terms
Derived terms
  • 独楽(こま)塗(ぬり), 独楽塗(こまぬ)り (komanuri)
  • 独楽(コマ)鼠(ネズミ) (komanezumi)
  • 独楽(こま)回(まわ)し (koma-mawashi)
  • 唸(うな)り独楽(ごま) (unarigoma)
  • 曲(きょく)独楽(ごま) (kyokugoma)
  • 源水(げんすい)独楽(ごま) (Gensui-goma)
  • ごんごん独楽(ごま) (gongon-goma)
  • 杯(さかずき)独楽(ごま) (sakazuki-goma)
  • 銭(ぜに)独楽(ごま) (zenigoma)
  • 叩(たた)き独楽(ごま) (tatakigoma)
  • 唐(とう)独楽(ごま) (tōgoma)
  • 貝(ばい)独楽(ごま), 海蠃(ばい)独楽(ごま) (baigoma), 貝(べい)独楽(ごま) (beigoma)
  • 花(はな)独楽(ごま) (hanagoma)
  • 不精(ぶしょう)独楽(ごま), 無精(ぶしょう)独楽(ごま) (bushō-goma)

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
独 楽
Grade: 5 Grade: 2
irregular
Alternative spelling
獨樂 (kyūjitai)

Older form of koma above.

Compound of 高麗 (Koma, “Goryeo; Korea; foreign lands”) +‎ つぶり (tsuburi, “round thing”, cognate with 円ら (tsubura), “round”).[1][2]

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [ko̞ma̠t͡sɨᵝbɯ̟ᵝɾʲi]

Noun

独楽(こまつぶり) • (komatsuburi) 

  1. (archaic, possibly obsolete) Same as こま (koma) above

Etymology 3
Kanji in this term
独 楽
Grade: 5 Grade: 2
irregular
Alternative spelling
獨樂 (kyūjitai)

Additional older form of koma above, attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE).

Compound of 高麗 (Koma, “Goryeo; Korea; foreign lands”) +‎ 作り (tsukuri, “making; made thing”, the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 作(つく)る (tsukuru, “to make”)).[1]

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [ko̞ma̠t͡sɨᵝkɯ̟ᵝɾʲi]

Noun

独楽(こまつくり) • (komatsukuri) 

  1. (archaic, possibly obsolete) Same as こま (koma) above

Etymology 4
Kanji in this term
独 楽
Grade: 5 Grade: 2
irregular
Alternative spelling
獨樂 (kyūjitai)

Ancient alternative to koma above. Probably from 紡錘 (tsumu, “a spindle”, root of the verb 紡む (tsumugu), “to spin thread or yarn”) +‎ 繰り (kuri, “winding”, the 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 繰(く)る (kuru, “to wind something onto something else”)).[2][3]

Occasionally also encountered with rendaku as tsumuguri.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [t͡sɨᵝmɯ̟ᵝkɯ̟ᵝɾʲi]

Noun

独楽(つむくり) • (tsumukuri) 

  1. (archaic, possibly obsolete) Same as こま (koma) above

Etymology 5
Kanji in this term
独 楽
どく
Grade: 5		 らく
Grade: 2
goon
Alternative spelling
獨樂 (kyūjitai)

From Middle Chinese 獨樂 (MC duwk lak).

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) どくらく [dòkúrákú] (Heiban – [0])[2]
  • IPA(key): [do̞kɯ̟ᵝɾa̠kɯ̟ᵝ]

Adjective

独(どく)楽(らく) • (dokuraku) 

  1. fun or entertaining for one person alone
Usage notes

Used attributively with the particle の (no).

Noun

独(どく)楽(らく) • (dokuraku) 

  1. something fun or entertaining for one person alone
  2. (uncommon) Same as こま (koma) above

References
  1. Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
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