燻べる

Japanese

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
燻
Hyōgaiji

From Old Japanese 燻ぶ, in the 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) pattern.

Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) ふすべ​る [fùsúbéꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [3])[1]
  • IPA(key): [ɸɯ̟ᵝsɨᵝbe̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

燻(ふす)べる • (fusuberu) transitive or intransitive ichidan (stem 燻(ふす)べ (fusube), past 燻(ふす)べた (fusubeta))

  1. to burn so as to produce much smoke
  2. to make something black with smoke
  3. to drive out (pests) with smoke; to fumigate
  4. (figuratively) to pout, sulk
Conjugation
Conjugation of "燻べる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 燻べ ふすべ fusube
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 燻べ ふすべ fusube
Shūshikei ("terminal") 燻べる ふすべる fusuberu
Rentaikei ("attributive") 燻べる ふすべる fusuberu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 燻べれ ふすべれ fusubere
Meireikei ("imperative") 燻べよ¹
燻べろ²		 ふすべよ¹
ふすべろ²		 fusubeyo¹
fusubero²
Key constructions
Passive 燻べられる ふすべられる fusuberareru
Causative 燻べさせる
燻べさす		 ふすべさせる
ふすべさす		 fusubesaseru
fusubesasu
Potential 燻べられる
燻べれる³		 ふすべられる
ふすべれる³		 fusuberareru
fusubereru³
Volitional 燻べよう ふすべよう fusubeyō
Negative 燻べない
燻べぬ
燻べん		 ふすべない
ふすべぬ
ふすべん		 fusubenai
fusubenu
fusuben
Negative continuative 燻べず ふすべず fusubezu
Formal 燻べます ふすべます fusubemasu
Perfective 燻べた ふすべた fusubeta
Conjunctive 燻べて ふすべて fusubete
Hypothetical conditional 燻べれば ふすべれば fusubereba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential

References
  1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
燻
Hyōgaiji

From Old Japanese 燻ぶ, in the 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) pattern.

Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) くすべ​る [kùsúbéꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [3])[1]
  • (Tokyo) くすべる [kùsúbérú] (Heiban – [0])[1]
  • IPA(key): [kɯ̟ᵝsɨᵝbe̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

燻(くす)べる • (kusuberu) transitive ichidan (stem 燻(くす)べ (kusube), past 燻(くす)べた (kusubeta))

  1. to burn something so as to produce much smoke
  2. to torment, bully
Conjugation
Conjugation of "燻べる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 燻べ くすべ kusube
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 燻べ くすべ kusube
Shūshikei ("terminal") 燻べる くすべる kusuberu
Rentaikei ("attributive") 燻べる くすべる kusuberu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 燻べれ くすべれ kusubere
Meireikei ("imperative") 燻べよ¹
燻べろ²		 くすべよ¹
くすべろ²		 kusubeyo¹
kusubero²
Key constructions
Passive 燻べられる くすべられる kusuberareru
Causative 燻べさせる
燻べさす		 くすべさせる
くすべさす		 kusubesaseru
kusubesasu
Potential 燻べられる
燻べれる³		 くすべられる
くすべれる³		 kusuberareru
kusubereru³
Volitional 燻べよう くすべよう kusubeyō
Negative 燻べない
燻べぬ
燻べん		 くすべない
くすべぬ
くすべん		 kusubenai
kusubenu
kusuben
Negative continuative 燻べず くすべず kusubezu
Formal 燻べます くすべます kusubemasu
Perfective 燻べた くすべた kusubeta
Conjunctive 燻べて くすべて kusubete
Hypothetical conditional 燻べれば くすべれば kusubereba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential
Synonyms

References
  1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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