極める

Japanese
Kanji in this term
極
きわ
Grade: 4
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
窮める

Etymology 1

From classical verb 極む (kiwamu), itself from 際 (kiwa, “edge, brink”) + verb-forming suffix む (mu, “seems like, having that quality”, see also related classical suffix ぶ (bu) and modern derivative びる (biru)).

Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

Verb

極(きわ)める • (kiwameru) ←きはめる (kifameru)?transitive ichidan (stem 極(きわ)め (kiwame), past 極(きわ)めた (kiwameta))

Japanese verb pair
active 極める
mediopassive 極まる
  1. to carry to extremes, carry to the end
Conjugation
Conjugation of "極める" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 極め きわめ kiwame
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 極め きわめ kiwame
Shūshikei ("terminal") 極める きわめる kiwameru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 極める きわめる kiwameru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 極めれ きわめれ kiwamere
Meireikei ("imperative") 極めよ¹
極めろ²		 きわめよ¹
きわめろ²		 kiwameyo¹
kiwamero²
Key constructions
Passive 極められる きわめられる kiwamerareru
Causative 極めさせる
極めさす		 きわめさせる
きわめさす		 kiwamesaseru
kiwamesasu
Potential 極められる
極めれる³		 きわめられる
きわめれる³		 kiwamerareru
kiwamereru³
Volitional 極めよう きわめよう kiwameyō
Negative 極めない
極めぬ
極めん		 きわめない
きわめぬ
きわめん		 kiwamenai
kiwamenu
kiwamen
Negative continuative 極めず きわめず kiwamezu
Formal 極めます きわめます kiwamemasu
Perfective 極めた きわめた kiwameta
Conjunctive 極めて きわめて kiwamete
Hypothetical conditional 極めれば きわめれば kiwamereba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential
Derived terms
  • 極(きわ)めて (kiwamete)
  • 極(きわ)め付(つ)き (kiwametsuki)
  • 極(きわ)め札(ふだ) (kiwamefuda)
  • 一(いち)極(きわ)め (ichikiwame)

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
極
き
Grade: 4
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 極める – see the following entry.
【決きめる】
[verb] to make a choice between multiple alternatives, to decide
[verb] to decide to do something: to do something on purpose
[verb] to perform a maneuver, to carry out a tactical action
[verb] to decide on an opinion: to believe in an opinion firmly
[verb] to decide on a common course of action: to be accustomed to do, to do habitually
[verb] to make an impressive or attractive physical appearance, usually by grooming oneself or making some unusual gestures
Alternative spelling
キメる
(This term, 極める, is an alternative spelling (less common) of the above term.)
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