散る

Japanese

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
散
ち
Grade: 4
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese.[1] Appears in the Kojiki, completed 712 CE.

Pronunciation
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "散る"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)		 散る ちる [chìrú]
Imperative (命令形) 散れ ちれ [chìré]
Key constructions
Passive 散られる ちられる [chìrárérú]
Causative 散らせる ちらせる [chìrásérú]
Potential - - -
Volitional 散ろう ちろ​ー [chìróꜜò]
Negative 散らない ちらない [chìránáí]
Negative perfective 散らなかった ちらな​かった [chìránáꜜkàttà]
Formal 散ります ちりま​す [chìrímáꜜsù]
Perfective 散った ちった [chìttá]
Conjunctive 散って ちって [chìtté]
Hypothetical conditional 散れば ちれ​ば [chìréꜜbà]

Verb

散(ち)る • (chiru) intransitive godan (stem 散(ち)り (chiri), past 散(ち)った (chitta))

Japanese verb pair
active 散(ち)らす (散(ち)らす)
mediopassive 散(ち)る (散(ち)る)
  1. to become separated and scatter, such as leaves or blossoms
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 5, poem 798:
      伊毛何美斯 阿布知乃波那波 知利奴倍斯 和何那久那美多 伊摩陀飛那久尓
      いもがみし あふちのはなは ちりぬべし わがなくなみた いまだひなくに
      imo ga mi shi afuchi no hana wa chirinu beshi wa ga naku namita ima da hi naku ni
Conjugation
Conjugation of "散る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 散ら ちら chira
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 散り ちり chiri
Shūshikei ("terminal") 散る ちる chiru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 散る ちる chiru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 散れ ちれ chire
Meireikei ("imperative") 散れ ちれ chire
Key constructions
Passive 散られる ちられる chirareru
Causative 散らせる
散らす		 ちらせる
ちらす		 chiraseru
chirasu
Potential 散れる ちれる chireru
Volitional 散ろう ちろう chirō
Negative 散らない ちらない chiranai
Negative continuative 散らず ちらず chirazu
Formal 散ります ちります chirimasu
Perfective 散った ちった chitta
Conjunctive 散って ちって chitte
Hypothetical conditional 散れば ちれば chireba
Classical conjugation of "散る" (ラ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 散らちらtira
Continuative (連用形) 散りちりtiri
Terminal (終止形) 散るちるtiru
Attributive (連体形) 散るちるtiru
Realis (已然形) 散れちれtire
Imperative (命令形) 散れちれtire
Key constructions
Negative 散らずちらずtirazu
Contrasting conjunction 散れどちれどtiredo
Causal conjunction 散ればちればtireba
Conditional conjunction 散らばちらばtiraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 散りきちりきtiriki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 散りけりちりけりtirikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 散りつちりつtiritu
Perfect tense (natural event) 散りぬちりぬtirinu
Perfect-continuative tense 散れり
散りたり		ちれり
ちりたり		tireri
tiritari
Volitional 散らむちらむtiramu
Synonyms
Derived terms
Derived terms

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
散
あ
Grade: 4
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
離る

From Old Japanese.[1] Appears in the Kojiki, completed 712 CE. Currently obsolete.

Cognate with 荒い (arai, “rough, harsh”), 荒れる (areru, “to become wild, rough, unkempt, dilapidated; to be violent, crazy, wild, disordered”).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [a̠ɾɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

散(あ)る • (aru) intransitive †nidan

  1. (obsolete) to become scattered
  2. (obsolete) to become distant, to fade away, to wane
Conjugation
Classical conjugation of "散る" (ラ行下二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 散れあれare
Continuative (連用形) 散れあれare
Terminal (終止形) 散るあるaru
Attributive (連体形) 散るるあるるaruru
Realis (已然形) 散るれあるれarure
Imperative (命令形) 散れよあれよareyo
Key constructions
Negative 散れずあれずarezu
Contrasting conjunction 散るれどあるれどaruredo
Causal conjunction 散るればあるればarureba
Conditional conjunction 散ればあればareba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 散れきあれきareki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 散れけりあれけりarekeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 散れつあれつaretu
Perfect tense (natural event) 散れぬあれぬarenu
Perfect-continuative tense 散れたりあれたりaretari
Volitional 散れむあれむaremu

Etymology 3
Kanji in this term
散
あか
Grade: 4
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
別る

From Old Japanese.[1] Appears in the Kagerō Nikki, dated 974 CE. Currently obsolete.

Plural counterpart to 分かる (wakaru, “one thing separates from another”), implying more a sense of scatter (as of many things). Intransitive counterpart to 散つ (akatsu, “to separate or scatter multiple things”), itself the plural counterpart to 分かつ (wakatsu, “to separate one thing from another”). Compare underlying root verbs aku (明く, 開く, 空く: "to open, to spread, to empty") and waku (分く, 別く: "to split, to divide").

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [a̠ka̠ɾɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

散(あか)る • (akaru) intransitive †nidan

  1. (obsolete) to scatter, to become dispersed
Conjugation
Classical conjugation of "散る" (ラ行下二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 散れあかれakare
Continuative (連用形) 散れあかれakare
Terminal (終止形) 散るあかるakaru
Attributive (連体形) 散るるあかるるakaruru
Realis (已然形) 散るれあかるれakarure
Imperative (命令形) 散れよあかれよakareyo
Key constructions
Negative 散れずあかれずakarezu
Contrasting conjunction 散るれどあかるれどakaruredo
Causal conjunction 散るればあかるればakarureba
Conditional conjunction 散ればあかればakareba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 散れきあかれきakareki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 散れけりあかれけりakarekeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 散れつあかれつakaretu
Perfect tense (natural event) 散れぬあかれぬakarenu
Perfect-continuative tense 散れたりあかれたりakaretari
Volitional 散れむあかれむakaremu

References
  1. Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
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