悩む

Japanese
Kanji in this term
悩
なや
Grade: S
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
惱む (kyūjitai)

Etymology

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū completed in 759 CE.[1][2]

May be derived from 萎える (naeru, “to weaken; to wither; to bend; to become limp; to become listless”),[1] from the classical form 萎ゆ (nayu) in the irrealis verb stem naya- + suppositional suffix む (mu).

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) なや​む [nàyáꜜmù] (Nakadaka – [2])[3]
  • IPA(key): [na̠ja̠mɯ̟ᵝ]
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "悩む"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)		 悩む なや​む [nàyáꜜmù]
Imperative (命令形) 悩め なや​め [nàyáꜜmè]
Key constructions
Passive 悩まれる なやまれ​る [nàyámáréꜜrù]
Causative 悩ませる なやませ​る [nàyámáséꜜrù]
Potential 悩める なやめ​る [nàyáméꜜrù]
Volitional 悩もう なやも​ー [nàyámóꜜò]
Negative 悩まない なやま​ない [nàyámáꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 悩まなかった なやま​なかった [nàyámáꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 悩みます なやみま​す [nàyámímáꜜsù]
Perfective 悩んだ なや​んだ [nàyáꜜǹdà]
Conjunctive 悩んで なや​んで [nàyáꜜǹdè]
Hypothetical conditional 悩めば なや​めば [nàyáꜜmèbà]

Verb

悩(なや)む • (nayamu) transitive or intransitive godan (stem 悩(なや)み (nayami), past 悩(なや)んだ (nayanda))

Japanese verb pair
active 悩ます, 悩める
mediopassive 悩む
  1. [from early 1000s] (intransitive) (in reaction to something not going as expected) to worry, to be bothered, to be emotionally distressed, to dwell on, to be vexed
    Synonyms: 心配する (shinpai suru, “to worry”), 思い煩う (omoiwazurau, “to be anxious about, to dwell on”), 困る (komaru, “to be stuck, to be in difficulty”), 当惑する (tōwaku suru, “to be perplexed”)
  2. [from 720] (intransitive) to suffer physically, to suffer physical distress; to fall ill, to get sick
    Synonyms: 苦しむ (kurushimu, “to suffer”), 悶える (modaeru, “to be anguished”), 病む (yamu, “to get sick”)
  3. [from 720] (intransitive, auxiliary) (attaches to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of another verb) to get stuck, to go sideways, to not go well
    行(ゆき)悩(なや)む
    yukinayamu
    to be deadlocked, to be stuck, to make no progress
  4. [from 1680s] (transitive, archaic) to make do, to manage to do
    Synonym: 工面する (kumen suru)
  5. [from 1680s] (transitive, archaic) to deal with a difficulty, to manage a challenge, to handle something
    Synonyms: あしらう (ashirau), 取り扱う (toriatsukau)

Usage notes

In modern Japanese, this verb is intransitive. In Classical Japanese, it appears in some texts as transitive.

Conjugation
Conjugation of "悩む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 悩ま なやま nayama
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 悩み なやみ nayami
Shūshikei ("terminal") 悩む なやむ nayamu
Rentaikei ("attributive") 悩む なやむ nayamu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 悩め なやめ nayame
Meireikei ("imperative") 悩め なやめ nayame
Key constructions
Passive 悩まれる なやまれる nayamareru
Causative 悩ませる
悩ます		 なやませる
なやます		 nayamaseru
nayamasu
Potential 悩める なやめる nayameru
Volitional 悩もう なやもう nayamō
Negative 悩まない なやまない nayamanai
Negative continuative 悩まず なやまず nayamazu
Formal 悩みます なやみます nayamimasu
Perfective 悩んだ なやんだ nayanda
Conjunctive 悩んで なやんで nayande
Hypothetical conditional 悩めば なやめば nayameba
Classical conjugation of "悩む" (マ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 悩まなやまnayama
Continuative (連用形) 悩みなやみnayami
Terminal (終止形) 悩むなやむnayamu
Attributive (連体形) 悩むなやむnayamu
Realis (已然形) 悩めなやめnayame
Imperative (命令形) 悩めなやめnayame
Key constructions
Negative 悩まずなやまずnayamazu
Contrasting conjunction 悩めどなやめどnayamedo
Causal conjunction 悩めばなやめばnayameba
Conditional conjunction 悩まばなやまばnayamaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 悩みきなやみきnayamiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 悩みけりなやみけりnayamikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 悩みつなやみつnayamitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 悩みぬなやみぬnayaminu
Perfect-continuative tense 悩めり
悩みたり		なやめり
なやみたり		nayameri
nayamitari
Volitional 悩まむなやまむnayamamu

Verb

悩(なや)む • (nayamu) transitive †nidan

  1. [from 1560s] to vex, to cause distress: see modern 悩(なや)める (nayameru)
    Synonym: 悩ます (nayamasu)

Conjugation
Classical conjugation of "悩む" (マ行下二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 悩めなやめnayame
Continuative (連用形) 悩めなやめnayame
Terminal (終止形) 悩むなやむnayamu
Attributive (連体形) 悩むるなやむるnayamuru
Realis (已然形) 悩むれなやむれnayamure
Imperative (命令形) 悩めよなやめよnayameyo
Key constructions
Negative 悩めずなやめずnayamezu
Contrasting conjunction 悩むれどなやむれどnayamuredo
Causal conjunction 悩むればなやむればnayamureba
Conditional conjunction 悩めばなやめばnayameba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 悩めきなやめきnayameki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 悩めけりなやめけりnayamekeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 悩めつなやめつnayametu
Perfect tense (natural event) 悩めぬなやめぬnayamenu
Perfect-continuative tense 悩めたりなやめたりnayametari
Volitional 悩めむなやめむnayamemu

Derived terms

References
  1. “悩”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  2. c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 15, poem 3694:
    , text here
  3. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  • 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
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