忙しい
Japanese
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 忙 |
| いそが Grade: S |
| kun’yomi |
| Alternative spellings |
|---|
| 急がしい (uncommon) 急しい (rare) |
Derived from verb 急ぐ (isogu, “to hurry, to rush, to hasten”).[1][2][3]
First attested in a text from 850.[4]
By one analysis, this is the verb's 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete or irrealis form”) 急が (isoga) plus the adjectivizing suffix しい (-shii, “having that kind of quality”, classical terminal form -shi).
Alternatively, may be derived from the causative. The classical terminal form of the adjective is identical to the classical continuative or infinitive form of the causative verb, which was used in certain constructions to conclude sentences.
- 急ぐ (isogu, “to rush, to hurry”) → 急がす (isogasu, “to cause to rush, to cause to hurry”) → 急がし (isogashi, “having the quality of causing one to rush or hurry”)
Pronunciation
- Tokyo pitch accent of inflected forms of "忙しい"
| Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Continuative (連用形) | 忙しく | いそがしく いそがしく |
[ìsógáꜜshìkù] [ìsógáshíꜜkù] |
| Terminal (終止形) | 忙しい | いそがしい | [ìsógáshíꜜì] |
| Attributive (連体形) | 忙しい | いそがしい | [ìsógáshíꜜì] |
| Key constructions | |||
| Informal negative | 忙しくない | いそがしくない いそがしくない |
[ìsógáꜜshìkùnàì] [ìsógáshíꜜkùnàì] |
| Informal past | 忙しかった | いそがしかった いそがしかった |
[ìsógáꜜshìkàttà] [ìsógáshíꜜkàttà] |
| Informal negative past | 忙しくなかった | いそがしくなかった いそがしくなかった |
[ìsógáꜜshìkùnàkàttà] [ìsógáshíꜜkùnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 忙しいです | いそがしいです | [ìsógáshíꜜìdèsù] |
| Conjunctive | 忙しくて | いそがしくて いそがしくて |
[ìsógáꜜshìkùtè] [ìsógáshíꜜkùtè] |
| Conditional | 忙しければ | いそがしければ いそがしければ |
[ìsógáꜜshìkèrèbà] [ìsógáshíꜜkèrèbà] |
Adjective
忙しい • (isogashii) -i (adverbial 忙しく (isogashiku))
- [from 850] busy
- Antonym: 暇 (hima)
- 彼はいつも忙しいことを言い訳にしている。
- Kare wa itsumo isogashii koto o iiwake ni shite iru.
- He always uses the excuse that he is too busy.
- c. 1001–1014, Murasaki Shikibu, Genji Monogatari (Otome), text here:
- 大殿も、かやうの御遊びに心止めたまひて、いそがしき御政事どもをば逃れたまふなりけり。
- Ōtono mo, kayō no o-asobi ni kokoro tometamaite, isogashiki go-seiji domo o ba nogaretamau narikeri.
- The lord would also kept his attention on this kind of pleasure, and escape from all his busy governmental duties.
- 大殿も、かやうの御遊びに心止めたまひて、いそがしき御政事どもをば逃れたまふなりけり。
- [from 1001] restless, fidgety
Inflection
Inflection of 忙しい
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective (未然形) | 忙しかろ | いそがしかろ | isogashikaro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 忙しく | いそがしく | isogashiku |
| Terminal (終止形) | 忙しい | いそがしい | isogashii |
| Attributive (連体形) | 忙しい | いそがしい | isogashii |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 忙しけれ | いそがしけれ | isogashikere |
| Imperative (命令形) | 忙しかれ | いそがしかれ | isogashikare |
| Key constructions | |||
| Informal negative | 忙しくない | いそがしくない | isogashiku nai |
| Informal past | 忙しかった | いそがしかった | isogashikatta |
| Informal negative past | 忙しくなかった | いそがしくなかった | isogashiku nakatta |
| Formal | 忙しいです | いそがしいです | isogashii desu |
| Formal negative | 忙しくないです | いそがしくないです | isogashiku nai desu |
| Formal past | 忙しかったです | いそがしかったです | isogashikatta desu |
| Formal negative past | 忙しくなかったです | いそがしくなかったです | isogashiku nakatta desu |
| Conjunctive | 忙しくて | いそがしくて | isogashikute |
| Conditional | 忙しければ | いそがしければ | isogashikereba |
| Provisional | 忙しかったら | いそがしかったら | isogashikattara |
| Volitional | 忙しかろう | いそがしかろう | isogashikarō |
| Adverbial | 忙しく | いそがしく | isogashiku |
| Degree | 忙しさ | いそがしさ | isogashisa |
Classical conjugation of "忙し" (シク活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 忙しく[1] 忙しから[2] | いそがしく いそがしから | isogasiku isogasikara | |
| Continuative (連用形) | 忙しく[1] 忙しかり[2] | いそがしく いそがしかり | isogasiku isogasikari | |
| Terminal (終止形) | 忙し | いそがし | isogasi | |
| Attributive (連体形) | 忙しき 忙しかる | いそがしき いそがしかる | isogasiki isogasikaru | |
| Realis (已然形) | 忙しけれ | いそがしけれ | isogasikere | |
| Imperative (命令形) | 忙しかれ | いそがしかれ | isogasikare | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Negative | 忙しからず | いそがしからず | isogasikarazu | |
| Contrasting conjunction | 忙しけれど | いそがしけれど | isogasikeredo | |
| Causal conjunction | 忙しければ | いそがしければ | isogasikereba | |
| Conditional conjunction | 忙しくば | いそがしくば | isogasikuba | |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 忙しかりき | いそがしかりき | isogasikariki | |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 忙しかりけり | いそがしかりけり | isogasikarikeri | |
| Adverbial | 忙しく | いそがしく | isogasiku | |
| [1]Without auxiliary verb. [2]With auxiliary verb. | ||||
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 忙 |
| せわ Grade: S |
| kun’yomi |
*⟨sepasi⟩ → /seɸaɕi/ → /sewaɕiki/ → /sewaɕiː/
Cognate with 狭い (sebai), older form of 狭い (semai, “adjective, lacking in space”),[1] expanding on the meaning towards “lacking in time”.
First cited to a text from 1020.[1]
Inflection
Inflection of 忙しい
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective (未然形) | 忙しかろ | せわしかろ | sewashikaro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 忙しく | せわしく | sewashiku |
| Terminal (終止形) | 忙しい | せわしい | sewashii |
| Attributive (連体形) | 忙しい | せわしい | sewashii |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 忙しけれ | せわしけれ | sewashikere |
| Imperative (命令形) | 忙しかれ | せわしかれ | sewashikare |
| Key constructions | |||
| Informal negative | 忙しくない | せわしくない | sewashiku nai |
| Informal past | 忙しかった | せわしかった | sewashikatta |
| Informal negative past | 忙しくなかった | せわしくなかった | sewashiku nakatta |
| Formal | 忙しいです | せわしいです | sewashii desu |
| Formal negative | 忙しくないです | せわしくないです | sewashiku nai desu |
| Formal past | 忙しかったです | せわしかったです | sewashikatta desu |
| Formal negative past | 忙しくなかったです | せわしくなかったです | sewashiku nakatta desu |
| Conjunctive | 忙しくて | せわしくて | sewashikute |
| Conditional | 忙しければ | せわしければ | sewashikereba |
| Provisional | 忙しかったら | せわしかったら | sewashikattara |
| Volitional | 忙しかろう | せわしかろう | sewashikarō |
| Adverbial | 忙しく | せわしく | sewashiku |
| Degree | 忙しさ | せわしさ | sewashisa |
Classical conjugation of "忙し" (シク活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 忙しく[1] 忙しから[2] | せはしく せはしから | sefasiku sefasikara | |
| Continuative (連用形) | 忙しく[1] 忙しかり[2] | せはしく せはしかり | sefasiku sefasikari | |
| Terminal (終止形) | 忙し | せはし | sefasi | |
| Attributive (連体形) | 忙しき 忙しかる | せはしき せはしかる | sefasiki sefasikaru | |
| Realis (已然形) | 忙しけれ | せはしけれ | sefasikere | |
| Imperative (命令形) | 忙しかれ | せはしかれ | sefasikare | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Negative | 忙しからず | せはしからず | sefasikarazu | |
| Contrasting conjunction | 忙しけれど | せはしけれど | sefasikeredo | |
| Causal conjunction | 忙しければ | せはしければ | sefasikereba | |
| Conditional conjunction | 忙しくば | せはしくば | sefasikuba | |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 忙しかりき | せはしかりき | sefasikariki | |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 忙しかりけり | せはしかりけり | sefasikarikeri | |
| Adverbial | 忙しく | せはしく | sefasiku | |
| [1]Without auxiliary verb. [2]With auxiliary verb. | ||||
Synonyms
Derived terms
- 忙忙しい (sewasewashī)
References
- Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- “忙しい”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
- “忙・急”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”) (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
- Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
- 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
This article is issued from Wiktionary. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.