◌̣

◌̣

1. (NAPA) retracted articulation:

   (on an alveolar letter) retroflex, e.g. ⟨ṭ ḍ ṣ ẓ ṇ ḷ⟩,

   (on an velar letter) uvular, e.g. ⟨ḳ x̣ ṛ⟩.

2. (Voice Quality Symbols) "whispery" voice (murmured phonation in IPA parlance).

   Sometimes used for actual whisper (voiceless phonation).

3. (Teuthonista) close/high articulation, equivalent to IPA ⟨◌̝⟩.

   On the letter ⟨a⟩, it means the vowel is fronted.

   Doubling for intensity is side-by-side: ⟨◌̤⟩.

4. (IPA) A close articulation (e.g. a higher vowel, fricative approximant – currently ⟨◌̝⟩).
5. (IPA, obsolete) Retroflex articulation.

• (NAPA): ◌̇ may be used on letters with a descender.

• (antonym(s) of “NAPA”): ◌̯

◌̇

1. A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called puntu inferior (“dot below”) in Asturian, and found on Ḥ/ḥ and Ḷ/ḷ.

 ̣

1. A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called dấu nặng (“heavy mark”) in Vietnamese, and found on Ạ/ạ, Ặ/ặ, Ậ/ậ, Ẹ/ẹ, Ệ/ệ, Ị/ị, Ọ/ọ, Ộ/ộ, Ợ/ợ, Ụ/ụ, Ự/ự and Ỵ/ỵ. Used to indicate mid-falling, glottalized, short tone.

In Vietnamese signmaking, this tone mark may be written as a vertical line, much like  ̩.