ἐχθρός
See also: εχθρός
Ancient Greek
Etymology
Probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs (“out”), perhaps with suffix -ρός (-rós). But compare Latin exter from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs-teros.
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /ekʰ.tʰrós/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ekʰˈtʰros/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /exˈθros/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /exˈθros/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /exˈθros/
Adjective
ἐχθρός • (ekhthrós) m (feminine ἐχθρᾱ́, neuter ἐχθρόν); first/second declension
- (with passive meaning) hated, hateful
- (with active meaning) hating, hostile [+dative or genitive = to someone or something]
- (masculine or feminine, as substantive) enemy
- (ἐχθρόν ἐστι (ekhthrón esti), impersonal) it is displeasing, distasteful, unpleasant [+dative = for someone], [+infinitive = to do]
Inflection
| Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
| Nominative | ἐχθρός ekhthrós |
ἐχθρᾱ́ ekhthrā́ |
ἐχθρόν ekhthrón |
ἐχθρώ ekhthrṓ |
ἐχθρᾱ́ ekhthrā́ |
ἐχθρώ ekhthrṓ |
ἐχθροί ekhthroí |
ἐχθραί ekhthraí |
ἐχθρᾰ́ ekhthrá | |||||
| Genitive | ἐχθροῦ ekhthroû |
ἐχθρᾶς ekhthrâs |
ἐχθροῦ ekhthroû |
ἐχθροῖν ekhthroîn |
ἐχθραῖν ekhthraîn |
ἐχθροῖν ekhthroîn |
ἐχθρῶν ekhthrôn |
ἐχθρῶν ekhthrôn |
ἐχθρῶν ekhthrôn | |||||
| Dative | ἐχθρῷ ekhthrôi |
ἐχθρᾷ ekhthrâi |
ἐχθρῷ ekhthrôi |
ἐχθροῖν ekhthroîn |
ἐχθραῖν ekhthraîn |
ἐχθροῖν ekhthroîn |
ἐχθροῖς ekhthroîs |
ἐχθραῖς ekhthraîs |
ἐχθροῖς ekhthroîs | |||||
| Accusative | ἐχθρόν ekhthrón |
ἐχθρᾱ́ν ekhthrā́n |
ἐχθρόν ekhthrón |
ἐχθρώ ekhthrṓ |
ἐχθρᾱ́ ekhthrā́ |
ἐχθρώ ekhthrṓ |
ἐχθρούς ekhthroús |
ἐχθρᾱ́ς ekhthrā́s |
ἐχθρᾰ́ ekhthrá | |||||
| Vocative | ἐχθρέ ekhthré |
ἐχθρᾱ́ ekhthrā́ |
ἐχθρόν ekhthrón |
ἐχθρώ ekhthrṓ |
ἐχθρᾱ́ ekhthrā́ |
ἐχθρώ ekhthrṓ |
ἐχθροί ekhthroí |
ἐχθραί ekhthraí |
ἐχθρᾰ́ ekhthrá | |||||
| Derived forms | Adverb | Comparative | Superlative | |||||||||||
| ἐχθρῶς ekhthrôs |
ἐχθρότερος / ἐχθίων ekhthróteros / ekhthíōn |
ἐχθρότᾰτος / ἔχθιστος ekhthrótatos / ékhthistos | ||||||||||||
| Notes: |
| |||||||||||||
Derived terms
- ἐχθρόξενος (ekhthróxenos)
- ἐχθαίρω (ekhthaírō)
- ἐχθραίνω (ekhthraínō)
Descendants
- Greek: εχθρός (echthrós), οχτρός (ochtrós)
Further reading
- “ἐχθρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “ἐχθρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “ἐχθρός”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- ἐχθρός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- ἐχθρός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “ἐχθρός”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G2190 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- adverse idem, page 15.
- antagonistic idem, page 32.
- averse idem, page 55.
- bitter idem, page 80.
- enemy idem, page 273.
- foe idem, page 331.
- ground idem, page 375.
- hostile idem, page 407.
- inimical idem, page 441.
- rebellious idem, page 677.
- unfriendly idem, page 919.
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