Ἄρης

See also: Άρης and -άρης

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms
  • Ἄρευς (Áreus)

Etymology

Usually derived from the Ionic word ἀρή (arḗ, “bane, ruin”),[1] which could be related to Sanskrit इरस्या (irasyā, “malevolence”), suggesting a Proto-Indo-European origin.[2]

However, Morris Silver and Pierre Chantraine propose a derivation from ἄρος (áros, “use, profit, help”) instead.[3]

𐀀𐀩 (a-re), found in Linear B, is thought to be the oldest attested form of the name.[4]

Pronunciation
 

The α (a) is usually short in Homer and tragedy, but sometimes long, e.g. Iliad 5.31, Iliad 2..767, Argonautica 3.1187; and Aeschylus and Sophocles regularly use long ᾱ (ā).

Proper noun

Ἄρης • (Árēs) m (genitive Ᾰ̓́ρεως); third declension

  1. (Greek mythology) Ares
    • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.29–33:
      […] ἀτὰρ γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη
      χειρὸς ἑλοῦσ’ ἐπέεσσι προσηύδα θοῦρον Ἄρηα:
      “Ἆρες Ἄρες βροτολοιγὲ μιαιφόνε τειχεσιπλῆτα
      οὐκ ἂν δὴ Τρῶας μὲν ἐάσαιμεν καὶ Ἀχαιοὺς
      μάρνασθ’, ὁπποτέροισι πατὴρ Ζεὺς κῦδος ὀρέξῃ
      […] atàr glaukôpis Athḗnē
      kheiròs heloûs’ epéessi prosēúda thoûron Árēa:
      “Âres Áres brotoloigè miaiphóne teikhesiplêta
      ouk àn dḕ Trôas mèn eásaimen kaì Akhaioùs
      márnasth’, hoppotéroisi patḕr Zeùs kûdos oréxēi
      {...} And flashing-eyed Athene
      took furious Ares by the hand and spake to him, saying:
      “Ares, Ares, thou bane of mortals, thou blood-stained stormer of walls,
      shall we not now leave the Trojans and Achaeans
      to fight, to whichsoever of the two it be that father Zeus shall vouchsafe glory?”
      English translation by A.T. Murray @perseus
    • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.455:
      Apollo speaks the same phrase: Ἆρες Ἄρες βροτολοιγὲ μιαιφόνε τειχεσιπλῆτα (Âres Áres brotoloigè miaiphóne teikhesiplêta)
      Apollo speaks the same phrase: Âres Áres brotoloigè miaiphóne teikhesiplêta (Âres Áres brotoloigè miaiphóne teikhesiplêta)
  2. Mars (planet)
  3. war, warlike spirit
  4. epithet of Zeus, "avenger"

Inflection
Irregular declension of ὁ Ἄρης; τοῦ Ἄρεως (Attic)
Case / # Singular
Nominative ὁ Ἄρης
ho Árēs
Genitive τοῦ Ἄρεως
toû Áreōs
Dative τῷ Ἄρει
tôi Árei
Accusative τὸν Ἄρη
tòn Árē
Vocative Ἄρες
Áres
Notes:
  • This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.
Third declension of Ἄρης; Ἄρεος (uncontracted, Epic)
Case / # Singular
Nominative Ἄρης
Árēs
Genitive Ἄρεος / Ἄρευς
Áreos / Áreus
Dative Ἄρει / Ἄρεῐ̈
Árei / Áreï
Accusative Ἄρεᾰ
Área
Vocative Ἄρες
Áres
Notes:
  • Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.
Irregular declension of ὁ Ἄρης; τοῦ Ἄρηος (Epic, Ionic)
Case / # Singular
Nominative ὁ Ἄρης
ho Árēs
Genitive τοῦ Ἄρηος
toû Árēos
Dative τῷ Ἄρηϊ
tôi Árēï
Accusative τὸν Ἄρηα
tòn Árēa
Vocative Ἄρης
Árēs
Notes:
  • Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.
Irregular declension of ὁ Ἄρευς; τοῦ Ἄρευος (Aeolic)
Case / # Singular
Nominative ὁ Ἄρευς
ho Áreus
Genitive τοῦ Ἄρευος
toû Áreuos
Dative τῷ Ἄρευϊ
tôi Áreuï
Accusative τὸν Ἄρευᾰ
tòn Áreua
Vocative Ἄρευ
Áreu
Notes:
  • Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Derived terms
  • Ἀρειθῠ́σᾰνος (Areithúsanos)
  • Ἀρεϊκός (Areïkós)
  • Ἀρειμᾰ́νῐος (Areimánios)
  • Ἀρειμᾰνῐότης (Areimaniótēs)
  • ἄρειος (áreios)
  • Ἄρειος (Áreios)
  • Ἄρειος πᾰ́γος (Áreios págos)
  • Ἀρείτολμος (Areítolmos)
  • Ἀρείφᾰτος (Areíphatos)
  • Ἄρεος (Áreos)
  • Ἀρηΐφθορος (Arēḯphthoros)
  • ἀρηΐφιλος (arēḯphilos)
  • Ἀρηΐφῐλος (Arēḯphilos)
  • Ᾰ̓ρειμᾰνής (Areimanḗs)
  • Ᾰ̓ρηΐθοος (Arēḯthoos)
  • Ᾱ̓ρηϊκτάμενος (Ārēïktámenos)

Descendants
  • Greek: Άρης (Áris)
  • Latin: Arēs
  • → Russian: Аре́с (Arés), Аре́й (Aréj)
  • → Old Church Slavonic: Арисъ (Arisŭ)
  • Coptic: ⲁⲣⲏⲥ (arēs)

References
  1. Douglas Harper (2001–2024) “Ares”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
  2. “Ἄρης”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin
  3. 1992, Morris Silver, Taking ancient mythology economically, page 162; citing Pierre Chantraine's Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque
  4. Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers

Further reading
  • “Ἄρης”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • “Ἄρης”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • “Ἄρης”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
  • Ἄρης in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
  • Ἄρης in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
  • Ἄρης in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2024)
  • “Ἄρης”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
  • Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited, page 1,002
  • Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
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