دهقان
See also: دہقان
Arabic
Etymology
Borrowed from Middle Persian [script needed] (dhywkʾn' /dahigān/).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /dih.qaːn/, /duh.qaːn/
Noun
دِهْقَان or دُهْقَان • (dihqān or duhqān) m (plural دَهَاقِين (dahāqīn), feminine دِهْقَانَة (dihqāna))
- dehqan, publican
- a. 1283, Abū Yahyā Zakariyāʾ ibn Muhammad al-Qazwīnīy, edited by Ferdinand Wüstenfeld, آثار البلاد وأخبار العباد [ʾāṯār al-bilād wa-ʾaḵbār al-ʿibād], Göttingen: Verlag der Dieterichschen Buchhandlung, published 1848, page 278 line 11 a fine:
- publican, alekeeper
Declension
| Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | دِهْقَان; دُهْقَان dihqān; duhqān |
الدِّهْقَان; الدُّهْقَان ad-dihqān; ad-duhqān |
دِهْقَان; دُهْقَان dihqān; duhqān |
| Nominative | دِهْقَانٌ; دُهْقَانٌ dihqānun; duhqānun |
الدِّهْقَانُ; الدُّهْقَانُ ad-dihqānu; ad-duhqānu |
دِهْقَانُ; دُهْقَانُ dihqānu; duhqānu |
| Accusative | دِهْقَانًا; دُهْقَانًا dihqānan; duhqānan |
الدِّهْقَانَ; الدُّهْقَانَ ad-dihqāna; ad-duhqāna |
دِهْقَانَ; دُهْقَانَ dihqāna; duhqāna |
| Genitive | دِهْقَانٍ; دُهْقَانٍ dihqānin; duhqānin |
الدِّهْقَانِ; الدُّهْقَانِ ad-dihqāni; ad-duhqāni |
دِهْقَانِ; دُهْقَانِ dihqāni; duhqāni |
| Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
| Informal | دِهْقَانَيْن; دُهْقَانَيْن dihqānayn; duhqānayn |
الدِّهْقَانَيْن; الدُّهْقَانَيْن ad-dihqānayn; ad-duhqānayn |
دِهْقَانَيْ; دُهْقَانَيْ dihqānay; duhqānay |
| Nominative | دِهْقَانَانِ; دُهْقَانَانِ dihqānāni; duhqānāni |
الدِّهْقَانَانِ; الدُّهْقَانَانِ ad-dihqānāni; ad-duhqānāni |
دِهْقَانَا; دُهْقَانَا dihqānā; duhqānā |
| Accusative | دِهْقَانَيْنِ; دُهْقَانَيْنِ dihqānayni; duhqānayni |
الدِّهْقَانَيْنِ; الدُّهْقَانَيْنِ ad-dihqānayni; ad-duhqānayni |
دِهْقَانَيْ; دُهْقَانَيْ dihqānay; duhqānay |
| Genitive | دِهْقَانَيْنِ; دُهْقَانَيْنِ dihqānayni; duhqānayni |
الدِّهْقَانَيْنِ; الدُّهْقَانَيْنِ ad-dihqānayni; ad-duhqānayni |
دِهْقَانَيْ; دُهْقَانَيْ dihqānay; duhqānay |
| Plural | basic broken plural diptote | ||
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | دَهَاقِين dahāqīn |
الدَّهَاقِين ad-dahāqīn |
دَهَاقِين dahāqīn |
| Nominative | دَهَاقِينُ dahāqīnu |
الدَّهَاقِينُ ad-dahāqīnu |
دَهَاقِينُ dahāqīnu |
| Accusative | دَهَاقِينَ dahāqīna |
الدَّهَاقِينَ ad-dahāqīna |
دَهَاقِينَ dahāqīna |
| Genitive | دَهَاقِينَ dahāqīna |
الدَّهَاقِينِ ad-dahāqīni |
دَهَاقِينِ dahāqīni |
Derived terms
- دَهْقَنَ (dahqana, “to make dehqan, to elevate into the dehqan peerage”)
- دَهْقَنَة (dahqana, “noble character; astuteness, shrewdness”)
References
- Ullmann, Manfred (1992) Das Motiv des Spiegels in der arabischen Literatur des Mittelalters (Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen: Philologisch-historische Klasse; 198) (in German), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pages 145–147
Persian
Etymology
The form from Arabic دِهْقَان (dihqān), from Middle Persian [script needed] (dhywkʾn' /dahigān/, “countryman, farmer”), also found as دهگان (dehgân) and دهخان (dehxân). By surface analysis, ده (deh, “village”) + ـگان (-gân, “pertaining to, -er”). Akin to Old Armenian դեհկան-ութիւն (dehkan-utʻiwn), Classical Syriac ܕܗܩܢܐ (dahqānā).
Pronunciation
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [dih.ˈqɑːn]
- (Dari, formal) IPA(key): [d̪e̞ɦ.qɑ́ːn]
- (Kabuli) IPA(key): [d̪ɪ.qɑ́ːn]
- (Hazaragi) IPA(key): [d̪i.qɔ́ːn]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [d̪eɦ.ɢɒ́ːn]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [d̪eɦ.qɔ́n]
| Readings | |
|---|---|
| Classical reading? | dihqān |
| Dari reading? | dehqān |
| Iranian reading? | dehğân |
| Tajik reading? | dehqon |
Noun
| Dari | دهقان |
|---|---|
| Iranian Persian | |
| Tajik | деҳқон |
دهقان • (dehqân)
- farmer, peasant
- Synonym: کشاورز (kešâvarz)
- c. 1390, Hafez, “Ghazal 486”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divan of Hafez]:
- دهقان سالخورده چه خوش گفت با پسر
کای نور چشم من! بهجز از کشته ندروی- dihqān-i sāl-xwarda či xwaš guft bā pisar
k-ay nūr-i čašm-i man! ba joz az kišta na-dirawī - How well the aged peasant spoke to his son:
"O light of my eyes! You reap nothing but what was planted."
- dihqān-i sāl-xwarda či xwaš guft bā pisar
- (historical) dihqan (local aristocrat in late Sasanian and early Islamic Iran)
- c. 1011, Abu'l-Qāsim Firdawsī, “The Reign of Bahrām Gōr”, in شاهنامه [Book of Kings]:
- نه بازارگان ماند ایدر نه شاه
نه دهقان نه لشکر نه تخت و کلاه- na bāzārgān mānd andar na šāh
na dihqān na laškar na taxt u kulāh - No merchant remained there, nor a king,
No lord nor army nor throne and crown.
- na bāzārgān mānd andar na šāh
- (obsolete, by extension from "Persian aristocrat") Persian, Iranian (as opposed to Arabs and Turks)
- c. 1011, Abu'l-Qāsim Firdawsī, “The Reign of Yazdgird”, in شاهنامه [Book of Kings]:
- نه دهقان نه ترک و نه تازی بود
سخنها به کردار بازی بود- na dihqān na turk u na tāzī buwad
suxan-hā ba kirdār-i bāzī buwad - They will be neither Persian nor Turk nor Arab,
Their words will be in the manner of a joke.
- na dihqān na turk u na tāzī buwad
Derived terms
- دهقانی (dehqâni)
Descendants
Further reading
- Ciancaglini, Claudia A. (2008) Iranian loanwords in Syriac (Beiträge zur Iranistik; 28), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, page 148
- Hübschmann, Heinrich (1897) Armenische Grammatik. 1. Theil: Armenische Etymologie (in German), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, page 139
- Vullers, Johann August (1855) “دهقان”, in Lexicon Persico-Latinum etymologicum cum linguis maxime cognatis Sanscrita et Zendica et Pehlevica comparatum, e lexicis persice scriptis Borhâni Qâtiu, Haft Qulzum et Bahâri agam et persico-turcico Farhangi-Shuûrî confectum, adhibitis etiam Castelli, Meninski, Richardson et aliorum operibus et auctoritate scriptorum Persicorum adauctum (in Latin), volume I, Gießen: J. Ricker, page 942
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