خشخاش

Arabic
خَشْخَاش

Etymology

From Persian خشخاش (xašxâš).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /xaʃ.xaːʃ/

Noun

خَشْخَاش • (ḵašḵāš) m (collective, singulative خَشْخَاشَة f (ḵašḵāša), plural خَشَاخِيش (ḵašāḵīš))

  1. poppy (Papaver gen. et spp.)

Declension
Declension of noun خَشْخَاش (ḵašḵāš)
Collective basic collective triptote
Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal خَشْخَاش
ḵašḵāš		 الْخَشْخَاش
al-ḵašḵāš		 خَشْخَاش
ḵašḵāš
Nominative خَشْخَاشٌ
ḵašḵāšun		 الْخَشْخَاشُ
al-ḵašḵāšu		 خَشْخَاشُ
ḵašḵāšu
Accusative خَشْخَاشًا
ḵašḵāšan		 الْخَشْخَاشَ
al-ḵašḵāša		 خَشْخَاشَ
ḵašḵāša
Genitive خَشْخَاشٍ
ḵašḵāšin		 الْخَشْخَاشِ
al-ḵašḵāši		 خَشْخَاشِ
ḵašḵāši
Singulative singulative triptote in ـَة (-a)
Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal خَشْخَاشَة
ḵašḵāša		 الْخَشْخَاشَة
al-ḵašḵāša		 خَشْخَاشَة
ḵašḵāšat
Nominative خَشْخَاشَةٌ
ḵašḵāšatun		 الْخَشْخَاشَةُ
al-ḵašḵāšatu		 خَشْخَاشَةُ
ḵašḵāšatu
Accusative خَشْخَاشَةً
ḵašḵāšatan		 الْخَشْخَاشَةَ
al-ḵašḵāšata		 خَشْخَاشَةَ
ḵašḵāšata
Genitive خَشْخَاشَةٍ
ḵašḵāšatin		 الْخَشْخَاشَةِ
al-ḵašḵāšati		 خَشْخَاشَةِ
ḵašḵāšati
Dual Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal خَشْخَاشَتَيْن
ḵašḵāšatayn		 الْخَشْخَاشَتَيْن
al-ḵašḵāšatayn		 خَشْخَاشَتَيْ
ḵašḵāšatay
Nominative خَشْخَاشَتَانِ
ḵašḵāšatāni		 الْخَشْخَاشَتَانِ
al-ḵašḵāšatāni		 خَشْخَاشَتَا
ḵašḵāšatā
Accusative خَشْخَاشَتَيْنِ
ḵašḵāšatayni		 الْخَشْخَاشَتَيْنِ
al-ḵašḵāšatayni		 خَشْخَاشَتَيْ
ḵašḵāšatay
Genitive خَشْخَاشَتَيْنِ
ḵašḵāšatayni		 الْخَشْخَاشَتَيْنِ
al-ḵašḵāšatayni		 خَشْخَاشَتَيْ
ḵašḵāšatay
Paucal (3-10) sound feminine paucal
Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal خَشْخَاشَات
ḵašḵāšāt		 الْخَشْخَاشَات
al-ḵašḵāšāt		 خَشْخَاشَات
ḵašḵāšāt
Nominative خَشْخَاشَاتٌ
ḵašḵāšātun		 الْخَشْخَاشَاتُ
al-ḵašḵāšātu		 خَشْخَاشَاتُ
ḵašḵāšātu
Accusative خَشْخَاشَاتٍ
ḵašḵāšātin		 الْخَشْخَاشَاتِ
al-ḵašḵāšāti		 خَشْخَاشَاتِ
ḵašḵāšāti
Genitive خَشْخَاشَاتٍ
ḵašḵāšātin		 الْخَشْخَاشَاتِ
al-ḵašḵāšāti		 خَشْخَاشَاتِ
ḵašḵāšāti
Plural of variety basic broken plural diptote
Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal خَشَاخِيش
ḵašāḵīš		 الْخَشَاخِيش
al-ḵašāḵīš		 خَشَاخِيش
ḵašāḵīš
Nominative خَشَاخِيشُ
ḵašāḵīšu		 الْخَشَاخِيشُ
al-ḵašāḵīšu		 خَشَاخِيشُ
ḵašāḵīšu
Accusative خَشَاخِيشَ
ḵašāḵīša		 الْخَشَاخِيشَ
al-ḵašāḵīša		 خَشَاخِيشَ
ḵašāḵīša
Genitive خَشَاخِيشَ
ḵašāḵīša		 الْخَشَاخِيشِ
al-ḵašāḵīši		 خَشَاخِيشِ
ḵašāḵīši

Descendants
  • Maltese: xaħxieħ, ħuxħax, ħoxħax
  • →⇒ Aragonese: cascall
  • →⇒ Catalan: cascall

References
  • Corriente, Federico (2008) “cascal”, in Dictionary of Arabic and Allied Loanwords. Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Galician and Kindred Dialects (Handbook of Oriental Studies; 97), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 251a
  • Freytag, Georg (1830) “خشخاش”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 1, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 488
  • Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “خشخاش”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart‎ (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 336

Persian
خشخاش

Etymology

Related to Central Kurdish قاشقاشە (qaşqaşe), Pashto قشقاق (qašqâš), قاشقاش (qâšqâš), and further likely to Middle Armenian կակաչ (kakačʻ), Georgian ყაყაჩო (q̇aq̇ačo), Karachay-Balkar къачхач (qaçxaç), Kumyk шакъшакъ (şaqşaq), Abaza къвашвхӏа (qʷʼašʷḥa), Kabardian ӏущхьэ (ʼwuśḥɛ), Japanese 芥子 (けし, keshi), all denoting "(opium) poppy".

According to Pictet, ultimately from Sanskrit खस्खस (khaskhasa, “poppy”), a reduplication of खस (khasa, “itch, scab”), because poppy was supposedly used against it. Note also the Sanskrit compound खसतिल (khasa-tila, “poppy”).

Noun

خشخاش • (xašxâš)

  1. opium poppy

Descendants
  • → Arabic: خَشْخَاش (ḵašḵāš)
  • → Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܚܫܚܫ (ḥašḥāš)
  • → Azerbaijani: xaşxaş
  • → Georgian: ხაშხაში (xašxaši), ღაჟღაჟი (ɣažɣaži), ღაშღაში (ɣašɣaši)
  • → Kumyk: хашхаш (xaşxaş)
  • → Malayalam: കശകശ (kaśakaśa)
  • → Middle Armenian: խաշխաշ (xašxaš)
  • → Northern Kurdish: xaşxaş
  • → Ottoman Turkish: خشخاش (haşhaş)
    • Turkish: haşhaş
  • → Pashto: خاشخاش (xâšxâš)

Further reading
  • Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “խաշխաշ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, page 333
  • Pictet, Adolphe (1859) Les origines indo-européennes, ou Les Aryas primitifs: essai de paléontologie linguistique, volume I, Paris: J. Cherbuliez, pages 295–296
  • Šaniʒe, Aḳaḳi (1980) Kartuli enis gramaṭiḳis sapuʒvlebi [Basics of Georgian Grammar] (Txzulebani tormeṭ ṭomad; 3) (in Georgian), Tbilisi: Tbilisi State University Press, § 182, page 150
  • Xabičev, M. A. (1980) Vzaimovlijanije jazykov narodov Zapadnovo Kavkaza [The language interaction of Western Caucasus peoples] (in Russian), Cherkessk: Karačajevo-Čerkesskoje otdelenije Stavropolʹskovo knižnovo izdatelʹstva, page 29
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