خرما

Borrowed from Persian خرما (xormâ, “date”).

• IPA^(key): [xuɾˈmɑ], [huɾˈmɑ]

خرما • (hurma)

1. date, the fruit of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera)

• Turkish: hurma
• → Adyghe: хъурмэ (χʷurmɛ)
• → Albanian: hurmë
• → Belarusian: хурма́ (xurmá, “persimmon”)
• → Bulgarian: фурма́ (furmá, “persimmon”)
• → Crimean Tatar: hurma
• → Estonian: hurmaa
• → Greek: χουρμάς (chourmás)
  • → Romanian: curmală
• → Ido: hurmo
• → Latvian: hurma
• → Macedonian: урма (urma)
• → Polish: hurma
• → Russian: хурма́ (xurmá, “persimmon”)
• → Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic script: хурма, у̀рма

  Latin script: hurma, ùrma

• → Tatar: хөрмә (xörmä, “persimmon”)
• → Ukrainian: хурма́ (xurmá, “persimmon”)

• Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “hurma”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 2008
• Hindoglu, Artin (1838) “خرما”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français‎, Vienna: F. Beck, page 208a
• Kélékian, Diran (1911) “خرما”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 537
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Dactylus”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 319
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “خرما”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 1886
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “hurma”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Redhouse, James W. (1890) “خرما”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 841

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (T^g) / [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwlmʾk' /⁠xormā⁠/, “date”), possibly from earlier *harmāw. The logogram is from Aramaic 𐡕𐡌𐡓𐡉𐡍 pl (tmryn, “dates”).

Compare Parthian [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwlmʾk /⁠xurmāg⁠/) and [Book Pahlavi needed] (T^g /⁠*amrāw⁠/), both forms appeared in Draxt ī Āsūrīg. The former is from Middle Persian. For reading of the latter, compare Manichaean Parthian [Manichaean needed] (ʾmrʾw /⁠amrāw⁠/) and Old Armenian արմաւ (armaw) (see Korn).

Akin to Kumzari أرما (“date (fruit)”), Baluchi هرماگ (hurmág, “date; fully ripe date fruit”). Compare also Sanskrit खर्जु (kharju) (wild date tree).

خرما • (xormâ or xurmâ) (plural خرماها (xormâ-hâ))

1. date (fruit)
   • 940-1020, Ferdowsi, Shahnameh

     بکن کار و کرده بیزدان سپار
     بخرما چه یازی چو ترسی ز خار

     bokon kâr u karda ba-yazdân sepâr
     ba-xormâ če yâzi ču tarsi ze xâr

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

• خرمالو (xormâlu, “persimmon”)

• MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) “xormā”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 94
• Henning. W. B. (1950), "A Pahlavi Poem", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 13, No. 3., page 645
• Korn, Agnes (2013) “Final troubles: Armenian stem classes and the word-end in Late Old Persian”, in Toxtasʹjev S. R., Lurʹje P. B., editors, Commentationes Iranicae. Sbornik statej k 90-letiju Vladimira Aronoviča Livšica‎, Saint Petersburg: Nestor-Istorija, →ISBN, page 81, note 39:

  HENNING (1950, p. 645) notes that the Pth. form is amrāw as seen in “Man. ʾmrʾw, against Arm. armav”, and thus reads amrāw for the Arameogram Tg in the Draxt ī Asūrīg while MACIUSZAK (2007, p. 65, 125, 184) reads (the NP form) xormā on account of <hwlmʾk> occuring ^[sic] some lines later in the text. ʾmrʾw is found in the unpublished fragment M 171 II R 10 (Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst, pers. comm.). The relevant part of the fragment is partially broken off, though (see the photo at http://www.bbaw.de/forschung/turfanforschung/dta/m/images/m0171_seite2.jpg).

• «КОРБУРДИ ВОЖАҲОИ ПОРТӢ ДАР ЗАБОНИ ФОРСИИ МИЁНА», Номаи пажӯҳишгоҳ, №1, 2001, с. 10-19. «портӣ amrāw=xurmāg «хурмо» (<harmāw =armāw [Hubschmann 1895, 111; Периханян1973, 440]."»