πνίγω
Ancient Greek
Etymology
No clear etymology. Earlier attempts to analyze the formation as a conflation of several different verbs are unconvincing. Rather onomatopoeic or sound-symbolic. A Pre-Greek origin cannot be excluded.
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /pnǐː.ɡɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈpni.ɡo/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈpni.ɣo/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈpni.ɣo/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈpni.ɣo/
Verb
πνῑ́γω • (pnī́gō)
Inflection
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | πνῑ́γω | πνῑ́γεις | πνῑ́γει | πνῑ́γετον | πνῑ́γετον | πνῑ́γομεν | πνῑ́γετε | πνῑ́γουσῐ(ν) | ||||
subjunctive | πνῑ́γω | πνῑ́γῃς | πνῑ́γῃ | πνῑ́γητον | πνῑ́γητον | πνῑ́γωμεν | πνῑ́γητε | πνῑ́γωσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | πνῑ́γοιμῐ | πνῑ́γοις | πνῑ́γοι | πνῑ́γοιτον | πνῑγοίτην | πνῑ́γοιμεν | πνῑ́γοιτε | πνῑ́γοιεν | |||||
imperative | πνῖγε | πνῑγέτω | πνῑ́γετον | πνῑγέτων | πνῑ́γετε | πνῑγόντων | |||||||
middle/ passive |
indicative | πνῑ́γομαι | πνῑ́γῃ, πνῑ́γει |
πνῑ́γεται | πνῑ́γεσθον | πνῑ́γεσθον | πνῑγόμεθᾰ | πνῑ́γεσθε | πνῑ́γονται | ||||
subjunctive | πνῑ́γωμαι | πνῑ́γῃ | πνῑ́γηται | πνῑ́γησθον | πνῑ́γησθον | πνῑγώμεθᾰ | πνῑ́γησθε | πνῑ́γωνται | |||||
optative | πνῑγοίμην | πνῑ́γοιο | πνῑ́γοιτο | πνῑ́γοισθον | πνῑγοίσθην | πνῑγοίμεθᾰ | πνῑ́γοισθε | πνῑ́γοιντο | |||||
imperative | πνῑ́γου | πνῑγέσθω | πνῑ́γεσθον | πνῑγέσθων | πνῑ́γεσθε | πνῑγέσθων | |||||||
active | middle/passive | ||||||||||||
infinitive | πνῑ́γειν | πνῑ́γεσθαι | |||||||||||
participle | m | πνῑ́γων | πνῑγόμενος | ||||||||||
f | πνῑ́γουσᾰ | πνῑγομένη | |||||||||||
n | πνῖγον | πνῑγόμενον | |||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. |
Imperfect: ἔπνῑγον, ἐπνῑγόμην
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | ἔπνῑγον | ἔπνῑγες | ἔπνῑγε(ν) | ἐπνῑ́γετον | ἐπνῑγέτην | ἐπνῑ́γομεν | ἐπνῑ́γετε | ἔπνῑγον | ||||
middle/ passive |
indicative | ἐπνῑγόμην | ἐπνῑ́γου | ἐπνῑ́γετο | ἐπνῑ́γεσθον | ἐπνῑγέσθην | ἐπνῑγόμεθᾰ | ἐπνῑ́γεσθε | ἐπνῑ́γοντο | ||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. |
Future: πνῑ́ξω, πνῑ́ξομαι, πνῑγήσομαι
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | πνῑ́ξω | πνῑ́ξεις | πνῑ́ξει | πνῑ́ξετον | πνῑ́ξετον | πνῑ́ξομεν | πνῑ́ξετε | πνῑ́ξουσῐ(ν) | ||||
optative | πνῑ́ξοιμῐ | πνῑ́ξοις | πνῑ́ξοι | πνῑ́ξοιτον | πνῑξοίτην | πνῑ́ξοιμεν | πνῑ́ξοιτε | πνῑ́ξοιεν | |||||
middle | indicative | πνῑ́ξομαι | πνῑ́ξῃ, πνῑ́ξει |
πνῑ́ξεται | πνῑ́ξεσθον | πνῑ́ξεσθον | πνῑξόμεθᾰ | πνῑ́ξεσθε | πνῑ́ξονται | ||||
optative | πνῑξοίμην | πνῑ́ξοιο | πνῑ́ξοιτο | πνῑ́ξοισθον | πνῑξοίσθην | πνῑξοίμεθᾰ | πνῑ́ξοισθε | πνῑ́ξοιντο | |||||
passive | indicative | πνῑγήσομαι | πνῑγήσῃ | πνῑγήσεται | πνῑγήσεσθον | πνῑγήσεσθον | πνῑγησόμεθᾰ | πνῑγήσεσθε | πνῑγήσονται | ||||
optative | πνῑγησοίμην | πνῑγήσοιο | πνῑγήσοιτο | πνῑγήσοισθον | πνῑγησοίσθην | πνῑγησοίμεθᾰ | πνῑγήσοισθε | πνῑγήσοιντο | |||||
active | middle | passive | |||||||||||
infinitive | πνῑ́ξειν | πνῑ́ξεσθαι | πνῑγήσεσθαι | ||||||||||
participle | m | πνῑ́ξων | πνῑξόμενος | πνῑγησόμενος | |||||||||
f | πνῑ́ξουσᾰ | πνῑξομένη | πνῑγησομένη | ||||||||||
n | πνῖξον | πνῑξόμενον | πνῑγησόμενον | ||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. |
Aorist: ἔπνῑξᾰ, ἐπνῑξᾰ́μην, ἐπνῑ́χθην
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | ἔπνῑξᾰ | ἔπνῑξᾰς | ἔπνῑξε(ν) | ἐπνῑ́ξᾰτον | ἐπνῑξᾰ́την | ἐπνῑ́ξᾰμεν | ἐπνῑ́ξᾰτε | ἔπνῑξᾰν | ||||
subjunctive | πνῑ́ξω | πνῑ́ξῃς | πνῑ́ξῃ | πνῑ́ξητον | πνῑ́ξητον | πνῑ́ξωμεν | πνῑ́ξητε | πνῑ́ξωσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | πνῑ́ξαιμῐ | πνῑ́ξειᾰς, πνῑ́ξαις |
πνῑ́ξειε(ν), πνῑ́ξαι |
πνῑ́ξαιτον | πνῑξαίτην | πνῑ́ξαιμεν | πνῑ́ξαιτε | πνῑ́ξειᾰν, πνῑ́ξαιεν | |||||
imperative | πνῖξον | πνῑξᾰ́τω | πνῑ́ξᾰτον | πνῑξᾰ́των | πνῑ́ξᾰτε | πνῑξᾰ́ντων | |||||||
middle | indicative | ἐπνῑξᾰ́μην | ἐπνῑ́ξω | ἐπνῑ́ξᾰτο | ἐπνῑ́ξᾰσθον | ἐπνῑξᾰ́σθην | ἐπνῑξᾰ́μεθᾰ | ἐπνῑ́ξᾰσθε | ἐπνῑ́ξᾰντο | ||||
subjunctive | πνῑ́ξωμαι | πνῑ́ξῃ | πνῑ́ξηται | πνῑ́ξησθον | πνῑ́ξησθον | πνῑξώμεθᾰ | πνῑ́ξησθε | πνῑ́ξωνται | |||||
optative | πνῑξαίμην | πνῑ́ξαιο | πνῑ́ξαιτο | πνῑ́ξαισθον | πνῑξαίσθην | πνῑξαίμεθᾰ | πνῑ́ξαισθε | πνῑ́ξαιντο | |||||
imperative | πνῖξαι | πνῑξᾰ́σθω | πνῑ́ξᾰσθον | πνῑξᾰ́σθων | πνῑ́ξᾰσθε | πνῑξᾰ́σθων | |||||||
passive | indicative | ἐπνῑ́χθην | ἐπνῑ́χθης | ἐπνῑ́χθη | ἐπνῑ́χθητον | ἐπνῑχθήτην | ἐπνῑ́χθημεν | ἐπνῑ́χθητε | ἐπνῑ́χθησᾰν | ||||
subjunctive | πνῑχθῶ | πνῑχθῇς | πνῑχθῇ | πνῑχθῆτον | πνῑχθῆτον | πνῑχθῶμεν | πνῑχθῆτε | πνῑχθῶσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | πνῑχθείην | πνῑχθείης | πνῑχθείη | πνῑχθεῖτον, πνῑχθείητον |
πνῑχθείτην, πνῑχθειήτην |
πνῑχθεῖμεν, πνῑχθείημεν |
πνῑχθεῖτε, πνῑχθείητε |
πνῑχθεῖεν, πνῑχθείησᾰν | |||||
imperative | πνῑ́χθητῐ | πνῑχθήτω | πνῑ́χθητον | πνῑχθήτων | πνῑ́χθητε | πνῑχθέντων | |||||||
active | middle | passive | |||||||||||
infinitive | πνῖξαι | πνῑ́ξᾰσθαι | πνῑχθῆναι | ||||||||||
participle | m | πνῑ́ξᾱς | πνῑξᾰ́μενος | πνῑχθείς | |||||||||
f | πνῑ́ξᾱσᾰ | πνῑξᾰμένη | πνῑχθεῖσᾰ | ||||||||||
n | πνῖξᾰν | πνῑξᾰ́μενον | πνῑχθέν | ||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. |
Aorist: ἐπνῐ́γην
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
passive | indicative | ἐπνῐ́γην | ἐπνῐ́γης | ἐπνῐ́γη | ἐπνῐ́γητον | ἐπνῐγήτην | ἐπνῐ́γημεν | ἐπνῐ́γητε | ἐπνῐ́γησᾰν | ||||
subjunctive | πνῐγῶ | πνῐγῇς | πνῐγῇ | πνῐγῆτον | πνῐγῆτον | πνῐγῶμεν | πνῐγῆτε | πνῐγῶσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | πνῐγείην | πνῐγείης | πνῐγείη | πνῐγεῖτον, πνῐγείητον |
πνῐγείτην, πνῐγειήτην |
πνῐγεῖμεν, πνῐγείημεν |
πνῐγεῖτε, πνῐγείητε |
πνῐγεῖεν, πνῐγείησᾰν | |||||
imperative | πνῐ́γηθῐ | πνῐγήτω | πνῐ́γητον | πνῐγήτων | πνῐ́γητε | πνῐγέντων | |||||||
passive | |||||||||||||
infinitive | πνῐγῆναι | ||||||||||||
participle | m | πνῐγείς | |||||||||||
f | πνῐγεῖσᾰ | ||||||||||||
n | πνῐγέν | ||||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. |
Perfect: πέπνῑγμαι
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
middle/ passive |
indicative | πέπνῑγμαι | πέπνῑξαι | πέπνῑκται | πέπνῑχθον | πέπνῑχθον | πεπνῑ́γμεθᾰ | πέπνῑχθε | πεπνῑ́γᾰται | ||||
subjunctive | πεπνῑγμένος ὦ | πεπνῑγμένος ᾖς | πεπνῑγμένος ᾖ | πεπνῑγμένω ἦτον | πεπνῑγμένω ἦτον | πεπνῑγμένοι ὦμεν | πεπνῑγμένοι ἦτε | πεπνῑγμένοι ὦσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | πεπνῑγμένος εἴην | πεπνῑγμένος εἴης | πεπνῑγμένος εἴη | πεπνῑγμένω εἴητον/εἶτον | πεπνῑγμένω εἰήτην/εἴτην | πεπνῑγμένοι εἴημεν/εἶμεν | πεπνῑγμένοι εἴητε/εἶτε | πεπνῑγμένοι εἴησᾰν/εἶεν | |||||
imperative | πέπνῑξο | πεπνῑ́χθω | πέπνῑχθον | πεπνῑ́χθων | πέπνῑχθε | πεπνῑ́χθων | |||||||
middle/passive | |||||||||||||
infinitive | πεπνῖχθαι | ||||||||||||
participle | m | πεπνῑγμένος | |||||||||||
f | πεπνῑγμένη | ||||||||||||
n | πεπνῑγμένον | ||||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. |
Derived terms
- ἀποπνῑ́γω (apopnī́gō)
- κᾰτᾰπνῑ́γω (katapnī́gō)
- περῐπνῑ́γω (peripnī́gō)
- πνῖγμᾰ (pnîgma)
- πνῖγος (pnîgos)
- πνικτήρ (pniktḗr)
- πνῖξῐς (pnîxis)
- πνῐκτός (pniktós)
- πνῐκτῐκός (pniktikós)
- πνῐ́ξ (pníx)
- πνῑγετός (pnīgetós)
- πνῑγεύς (pnīgeús)
- πνῑγηρός (pnīgērós)
- πνῑγῖτῐς (pnīgîtis)
- πνῑγμονή (pnīgmonḗ)
- πνῑγμός (pnīgmós)
- πνῑγμώδης (pnīgmṓdēs)
- πνῑγόεις (pnīgóeis)
- πνῑγώδης (pnīgṓdēs)
- πνῑγᾰλῐ́ων (pnīgalíōn)
- πνῑγῐ́ζω (pnīgízō)
- σῠμπνῑ́γω (sumpnī́gō)
Descendants
- Greek: πνίγω (pnígo)
Further reading
- “πνίγω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “πνίγω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- πνίγω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
Greek
Etymology
Inherited from Ancient Greek πνῑ́γω (pnī́gō).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈpni.ɣo/
- Hyphenation: πνί‧γω
Verb
πνίγω • (pnígo) (past έπνιξα, passive πνίγομαι, p‑past πνίγηκα/πνίχτηκα, ppp πνιγμένος)
- (of creatures) to drown, smother, choke (to asphyxiate)
- (botany) prevent growth
- (figuratively) prevent manifestation, hide expression
- (figuratively) overwhelm, fill, suffocate
- (figuratively) suffocate, choke, cause intense mental discomfort, tension, distress
Conjugation
πνίγω πνίγομαι
Active voice ➤ | Passive voice ➤ | |||
Indicative mood ➤ | Imperfective aspect ➤ | Perfective aspect ➤ | Imperfective aspect | Perfective aspect |
Non-past tenses ➤ | Present ➤ | Dependent ➤ | Present | Dependent |
1 sg | πνίγω | πνίξω | πνίγομαι | πνιγώ, (πνιχτώ)1 |
2 sg | πνίγεις | πνίξεις | πνίγεσαι | πνιγείς, πνιχτείς |
3 sg | πνίγει | πνίξει | πνίγεται | πνιγεί, πνιχτεί |
1 pl | πνίγουμε, [‑ομε] | πνίξουμε, [‑ομε] | πνιγόμαστε | πνιγούμε, πνιχτούμε |
2 pl | πνίγετε | πνίξετε | πνίγεστε, πνιγόσαστε | πνιγείτε, πνιχτείτε |
3 pl | πνίγουν(ε) | πνίξουν(ε) | πνίγονται | πνιγούν(ε), πνιχτούν(ε) |
Past tenses ➤ | Imperfect ➤ | Simple past ➤ | Imperfect | Simple past |
1 sg | έπνιγα | έπνιξα | πνιγόμουν(α) | πνίγηκα, (πνίχτηκα)1 |
2 sg | έπνιγες | έπνιξες | πνιγόσουν(α) | πνίγηκες, πνίχτηκες |
3 sg | έπνιγε | έπνιξε | πνιγόταν(ε) | πνίγηκε, πνίχτηκε |
1 pl | πνίγαμε | πνίξαμε | πνιγόμασταν, (‑όμαστε) | πνιγήκαμε, πνιχτήκαμε |
2 pl | πνίγατε | πνίξατε | πνιγόσασταν, (‑όσαστε) | πνιγήκατε, πνιχτήκατε |
3 pl | έπνιγαν, πνίγαν(ε) | έπνιξαν, πνίξαν(ε) | πνίγονταν, (πνιγόντουσαν) | πνίγηκαν, πνιγήκαν(ε), πνίχτηκαν, πνιχτήκαν(ε) |
Future tenses ➤ | Continuous ➤ | Simple ➤ | Continuous | Simple |
1 sg | θα πνίγω ➤ | θα πνίξω ➤ | θα πνίγομαι ➤ | θα πνιγώ / πνιχτώ ➤ |
2,3 sg, 1,2,3 pl | θα πνίγεις, … | θα πνίξεις, … | θα πνίγεσαι, … | θα πνιγείς / πνιχτείς, … |
Perfect aspect ➤ | Perfect aspect | |||
Present perfect ➤ | έχω, έχεις, … πνίξει έχω, έχεις, … πνιγμένο, ‑η, ‑ο ➤ |
έχω, έχεις, … πνιγεί / πνιχτεί είμαι, είσαι, … πνιγμένος, ‑η, ‑ο ➤ | ||
Past perfect ➤ | είχα, είχες, … πνίξει είχα, είχες, … πνιγμένο, ‑η, ‑ο |
είχα, είχες, … πνιγεί / πνιχτεί ήμουν, ήσουν, … πνιγμένος, ‑η, ‑ο | ||
Future perfect ➤ | θα έχω, θα έχεις, … πνίξει θα έχω, θα έχεις, … πνιγμένο, ‑η, ‑ο |
θα έχω, θα έχεις, … πνιγεί / πνιχτεί θα είμαι, θα είσαι, … πνιγμένος, ‑η, ‑ο | ||
Subjunctive mood ➤ | Formed using present, dependent (for simple past) or present perfect from above with a particle (να, ας). | |||
Imperative mood ➤ | Imperfective aspect | Perfective aspect | Imperfective aspect | Perfective aspect |
2 sg | πνίγε | πνίξε | — | πνίξου |
2 pl | πνίγετε | πνίξτε | πνίγεστε | πνιγείτε, πνιχτείτε |
Other forms | Active voice | Passive voice | ||
Present participle➤ | πνίγοντας ➤ | — | ||
Perfect participle➤ | έχοντας πνίξει ➤ | πνιγμένος, ‑η, ‑ο ➤ | ||
Nonfinite form➤ | πνίξει | πνιγεί, πνιχτεί | ||
Notes Appendix:Greek verbs |
1. Second forms with χτ are colloquial and rare. • (…) optional or informal. […] rare. {…} learned, archaic. • Multiple forms are shown in order of reducing frequency. • Periphrastic imperative forms may be produced using the subjunctive. | |||
Related terms
- αποπνίγω (apopnígo, “to strangle”)
- αποπνικτικός (apopniktikós, “suffocating”, adjective)
- πνιγηρός (pnigirós, “oppressing, suffocating”, adjective)
- πνιγηρότητα f (pnigirótita)
- πνιγμονή f (pnigmoní, “choking, suffocation”)
- πνιγμός m (pnigmós, “drowning”)
- πνίξιμο n (pníximo, “drowning, choking, suffocation”)
- πνίχτης m (pníchtis, “strangler, one who drowns somebody”)
- πνιχτός m (pnichtós, “strangled, suffocated”)
Further reading
- πνίγω - Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], 1998, by the "Triantafyllidis" Foundation.
- πνίγω - Babiniotis, Georgios (2002) Λεξικό της νέας ελληνικής γλώσσας: […] [Dictionary of Modern Greek (language)] (in Greek), 2nd edition, Athens: Kentro Lexikologias [Lexicology Centre], 1st edition 1998, →ISBN.
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