οἶδα

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *wóyde, from *weyd-. Compare εἶδον (eîdon, “to see”) and εἴδομαι (eídomai, “to seem”), which originate from different aspectual forms of the same verbal root. Cognates include Proto-Slavic *věděti, Old Armenian գիտեմ (gitem), Sanskrit वेद (veda), Latin vīdī, and Proto-Germanic *witaną (English wit).

Pronunciation
 

Verb

οἶδᾰ • (oîda)

  1. (transitive) to know, be acquainted with [+accusative = something]
    1. (with neuter accusative plural of an adjective): have a quality in one's heart
    2. (transitive) to be skilled in [+genitive = something]
    • Aristotle, Metaphysics, 1
      Πάντες ἄνθρωποι τοῦ εἰδέναι ὀρέγονται φύσει.
      Pántes ánthrōpoi toû eidénai orégontai phúsei.
      All humans by nature yearn to know.
  2. (intransitive) to know how to [+infinitive = do something]
  3. (transitive, when main verb and participle have separate subjects) to know that [+accusative noun and accusative participle = someone else does something]
    1. (intransitive, when subject of main verb and subject of participle are the same) to know that [+nominative participle = one does something]
    2. to know that, with accusative and then an indirect statement introduced by ὅτι (hóti) or ὡς (hōs)
    3. (negative) οὐκ οἶδα εἰ (ouk oîda ei): to don't know if or whether, to doubt that
  4. (parenthetic)
  5. (a superlative is often followed by the phrase "ὧν ἴσμεν")

Usage notes

The perfect inflections function as present tense, and the pluperfect as imperfect. The inflection is highly variable and irregular, and reflects a more archaic inflectional pattern.

Inflection
   Perfect: οἶδᾰ
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative οἶδᾰ οἶσθᾰ/οἶδᾰς οἶδε ἴστον ἴστον ἴσμεν,
οἴδᾰμεν		 ἴστε,
οἴδᾰτε		 ἴσᾱσῐ(ν)
subjunctive εἰδῶ εἰδῇς εἰδῇ εἰδῆτον εἰδῆτον εἰδῶμεν εἰδῆτε εἰδῶσῐ(ν)
optative εἰδείην εἰδείης εἰδείη εἰδεῖτον εἰδείτην εἰδεῖμεν/εἰδείημεν εἰδεῖτε/εἰδείητε εἰδεῖεν/εἰδείησᾰν
imperative   ἴσθῐ ἴστω ἴστον ἴστων   ἴστε ἴστων
active
infinitive εἰδέναι
participle m εἰδώς
f εἰδυῖᾰ
n εἰδός
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Perfect: οἶδᾰ (Epic)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative οἶδᾰ οἶσθᾰ/οἶδᾰς οἶδε ἴστον ἴστον ἴσμεν/ἴδμεν,
εἴδομεν		 ἴστε,
εἴδετε		 ἴσᾱσῐ(ν)
subjunctive εἰδῶ εἰδῇς εἰδῇ εἰδῆτον εἰδῆτον εἰδῶμεν εἰδῆτε εἰδῶσῐ(ν)
optative εἰδείην εἰδείης εἰδείη εἰδεῖτον εἰδείτην εἰδεῖμεν/εἰδείημεν εἰδεῖτε/εἰδείητε εἰδεῖεν/εἰδείησᾰν
imperative   ἴσθῐ ἴστω ἴστον ἴστων   ἴστε ἴστων
active
infinitive εἰδέναι,
ἴδμεναι/ἴδμεν/ἰδέμεν
participle m εἰδώς
f εἰδυῖᾰ,
ἰδυῖα
n εἰδός
Notes:
Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Pluperfect: ᾔδη/ᾔδειν
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ᾔδη/ᾔδειν ᾔδησθᾰ/ᾔδεις ᾔδει(ν) ᾖστον ᾔστην ᾖσμεν/ᾔδεμεν/ᾔδειμεν ᾖστε/ᾔδειτε/ᾔδετε ᾖσᾰν/ᾔδεσᾰν
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Pluperfect: ᾔδεα/ᾔδη/ᾔδειν/ἠείδειν (Epic)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ᾔδεα/ᾔδη/ᾔδειν/ἠείδειν ᾔδησθᾰ/ἠείδης/ᾔδεις ᾔδεε(ν)/ᾔδη/ἠείδη ᾖστον ᾔστην ᾖσμεν/ᾔδεμεν/ᾔδειμεν ᾖστε/ᾔδειτε/ᾔδετε ᾖσᾰν/ᾔδεσᾰν,
ἴσαν
Notes:
Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Future: εἴσομαι
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
middle indicative εἴσομαι εἴσῃ,
εἴσει		 εἴσεται εἴσεσθον εἴσεσθον εἰσόμεθᾰ εἴσεσθε εἴσονται
optative εἰσοίμην εἴσοιο εἴσοιτο εἴσοισθον εἰσοίσθην εἰσοίμεθᾰ εἴσοισθε εἴσοιντο
middle
infinitive εἴσεσθαι
participle m εἰσόμενος
f εἰσομένη
n εἰσόμενον
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Future: εἴσομαι (Epic)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
middle indicative εἴσομαι εἴσεαι εἴσεται εἴσεσθον εἴσεσθον εἰσόμε(σ)θᾰ εἴσεσθε εἴσονται
optative εἰσοίμην εἴσοιο εἴσοιτο εἴσοισθον εἰσοίσθην εἰσοίμε(σ)θᾰ εἴσοισθε εἰσοίᾰτο
middle
infinitive εἴσεσθαι
participle m εἰσόμενος
f εἰσομένη
n εἰσόμενον
Notes:
Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Derived terms

Further reading
  • “*εἴδω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • “οἶδα”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • “οἶδα”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
  • οἶδα in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
  • “οἶδα”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
  • G1492 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
  • Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
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