γυμνός
Ancient Greek
Etymology
From Proto-Hellenic *gʷomnós by Cowgill's Law (o → u between labial and resonant), from Proto-Indo-European *nogʷmós by metathesis (possible taboo deformation; if the metathesis didn't happen we would have *νυγμός), from *nogʷós; see there for the cognates.
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /ɡym.nós/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ɡymˈnos/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ʝymˈnos/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ʝymˈnos/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ʝimˈnos/
Inflection
| Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
| Nominative | γῠμνός gumnós |
γῠμνή gumnḗ |
γῠμνόν gumnón |
γῠμνώ gumnṓ |
γῠμνᾱ́ gumnā́ |
γῠμνώ gumnṓ |
γῠμνοί gumnoí |
γῠμναί gumnaí |
γῠμνᾰ́ gumná | |||||
| Genitive | γῠμνοῦ gumnoû |
γῠμνῆς gumnês |
γῠμνοῦ gumnoû |
γῠμνοῖν gumnoîn |
γῠμναῖν gumnaîn |
γῠμνοῖν gumnoîn |
γῠμνῶν gumnôn |
γῠμνῶν gumnôn |
γῠμνῶν gumnôn | |||||
| Dative | γῠμνῷ gumnôi |
γῠμνῇ gumnêi |
γῠμνῷ gumnôi |
γῠμνοῖν gumnoîn |
γῠμναῖν gumnaîn |
γῠμνοῖν gumnoîn |
γῠμνοῖς gumnoîs |
γῠμναῖς gumnaîs |
γῠμνοῖς gumnoîs | |||||
| Accusative | γῠμνόν gumnón |
γῠμνήν gumnḗn |
γῠμνόν gumnón |
γῠμνώ gumnṓ |
γῠμνᾱ́ gumnā́ |
γῠμνώ gumnṓ |
γῠμνούς gumnoús |
γῠμνᾱ́ς gumnā́s |
γῠμνᾰ́ gumná | |||||
| Vocative | γῠμνέ gumné |
γῠμνή gumnḗ |
γῠμνόν gumnón |
γῠμνώ gumnṓ |
γῠμνᾱ́ gumnā́ |
γῠμνώ gumnṓ |
γῠμνοί gumnoí |
γῠμναί gumnaí |
γῠμνᾰ́ gumná | |||||
| Derived forms | Adverb | Comparative | Superlative | |||||||||||
| γῠμνῶς gumnôs |
γῠμνότερος gumnóteros |
γῠμνότᾰτος gumnótatos | ||||||||||||
| Notes: |
| |||||||||||||
| Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
| Nominative | γῠμνός gumnós |
γῠμνᾱ́ gumnā́ |
γῠμνόν gumnón |
γῠμνώ gumnṓ |
γῠμνᾱ́ gumnā́ |
γῠμνώ gumnṓ |
γῠμνοί gumnoí |
γῠμναί gumnaí |
γῠμνᾰ́ gumná | |||||
| Genitive | γῠμνοῖο gumnoîo |
γῠμνᾶς gumnâs |
γῠμνοῖο gumnoîo |
γῠμνοῖν gumnoîn |
γῠμναῖν gumnaîn |
γῠμνοῖν gumnoîn |
γῠμνῶν gumnôn |
γῠμνᾶν gumnân |
γῠμνῶν gumnôn | |||||
| Dative | γῠμνῷ gumnôi |
γῠμνᾷ gumnâi |
γῠμνῷ gumnôi |
γῠμνοῖν gumnoîn |
γῠμναῖν gumnaîn |
γῠμνοῖν gumnoîn |
γῠμνοῖς gumnoîs |
γῠμναῖς gumnaîs |
γῠμνοῖς gumnoîs | |||||
| Accusative | γῠμνόν gumnón |
γῠμνᾱ́ν gumnā́n |
γῠμνόν gumnón |
γῠμνώ gumnṓ |
γῠμνᾱ́ gumnā́ |
γῠμνώ gumnṓ |
γῠμνούς gumnoús |
γῠμνᾱ́ς gumnā́s |
γῠμνᾰ́ gumná | |||||
| Vocative | γῠμνέ gumné |
γῠμνᾱ́ gumnā́ |
γῠμνόν gumnón |
γῠμνώ gumnṓ |
γῠμνᾱ́ gumnā́ |
γῠμνώ gumnṓ |
γῠμνοί gumnoí |
γῠμναί gumnaí |
γῠμνᾰ́ gumná | |||||
| Derived forms | Adverb | Comparative | Superlative | |||||||||||
| γῠμνῶς gumnôs |
γῠμνότερος gumnóteros |
γῠμνότᾰτος gumnótatos | ||||||||||||
| Notes: |
| |||||||||||||
Derived terms
Descendants
- Greek: γυμνός (gymnós)
Further reading
- “γυμνός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “γυμνός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “γυμνός”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- γυμνός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- γυμνός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- γυμνός in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2024)
- “γυμνός”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G1131 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- bare idem, page 62.
- blank idem, page 81.
- defenceless idem, page 204.
- denude idem, page 211.
- exposed idem, page 295.
- naked idem, page 550.
- nude idem, page 562.
- open idem, page 574.
- unarmed idem, page 907.
- unclothed idem, page 909.
- uncovered idem, page 911.
- undressed idem, page 915.
- unguarded idem, page 920.
- unprotected idem, page 928.
- unrobed idem, page 930.
- vulnerable idem, page 958.
- American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. Ed. Calvert Watkins. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985.
- Huld, Martin E. “Magic, Metathesis and Nudity in Indo-European Thought.” Ancient Languages and Philology. Vol 1 of Studies in Honor of Jaan Puhvel. Eds. Dorothy Disterheft et al. Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph 20. Gen. eds. A. Richard Diebold and Edgar C. Polomé. Washington: Institute for the Study of Man, 1997. 75-92.
Greek
Etymology
From Ancient Greek γυμνός (gumnós), from Proto-Hellenic *gʷomnós, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *nogʷós.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ʝimˈnɔs]
Declension
Declension of γυμνός
| number case \ gender |
singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
| nominative | γυμνός • | γυμνή • | γυμνό • | γυμνοί • | γυμνές • | γυμνά • |
| genitive | γυμνού • | γυμνής • | γυμνού • | γυμνών • | γυμνών • | γυμνών • |
| accusative | γυμνό • | γυμνή • | γυμνό • | γυμνούς • | γυμνές • | γυμνά • |
| vocative | γυμνέ • | γυμνή • | γυμνό • | γυμνοί • | γυμνές • | γυμνά • |
| derivations | Comparative: πιο + positive forms (e.g. πιο γυμνός, etc.) Relative superlative: definite article + πιο + positive forms (e.g. ο πιο γυμνός, etc.) | |||||
Degrees of comparison by suffixation
| comparative | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
| nominative | γυμνότερος • | γυμνότερη • | γυμνότερο • | γυμνότεροι • | γυμνότερες • | γυμνότερα • |
| genitive | γυμνότερου • | γυμνότερης • | γυμνότερου • | γυμνότερων • | γυμνότερων • | γυμνότερων • |
| accusative | γυμνότερο • | γυμνότερη • | γυμνότερο • | γυμνότερους • | γυμνότερες • | γυμνότερα • |
| vocative | γυμνότερε • | γυμνότερη • | γυμνότερο • | γυμνότεροι • | γυμνότερες • | γυμνότερα • |
| derivations | relative superlative: ο + comparative forms (eg "ο γυμνότερος", etc) | |||||
| Absolute superlative | singular | plural | ||||
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
| nominative | γυμνότατος • | γυμνότατη • | γυμνότατο • | γυμνότατοι • | γυμνότατες • | γυμνότατα • |
| genitive | γυμνότατου • | γυμνότατης • | γυμνότατου • | γυμνότατων • | γυμνότατων • | γυμνότατων • |
| accusative | γυμνότατο • | γυμνότατη • | γυμνότατο • | γυμνότατους • | γυμνότατες • | γυμνότατα • |
| vocative | γυμνότατε • | γυμνότατη • | γυμνότατο • | γυμνότατοι • | γυμνότατες • | γυμνότατα • |
Related terms
- see: γυμνάζω (gymnázo, “to train, to exercise”)
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