Zhang Tianran | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
張天然 | |||||||||
 | |||||||||
| Title | 18th Taoist Patriarch (Yiguandao) | ||||||||
| Personal | |||||||||
| Born | Kui Sheng 8 August 1889 | ||||||||
| Died | 29 September 1947 (aged 58) | ||||||||
| Resting place | Hangzhou | ||||||||
| Religion | Taoism | ||||||||
| Partner | Sun Suzhen | ||||||||
| Children | 12 | ||||||||
| Sect | Yiguandao | ||||||||
| Senior posting | |||||||||
| Period in office | 1930 – 1947 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Lu Zhongyi | ||||||||
| Successor | Sun Suzhen | ||||||||
| Reincarnation | Ji Gong | ||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 張天然 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 張天然 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Zhang Tianran (Chinese: 張天然; 8 August 1889 – 29 September 1947), born Kui Sheng (Chinese: 奎生), was the eighteenth patriarch of the Yiguandao religious sect. He is usually referred to as the Father of Yiguandao, or as Shi Zun (師尊), meaning the Honored Teacher.
Early life
Zhang Tianran (the religious name he would later be known for) was born under the name Kui Sheng, and also as Zhang Guangbi. He was also known as Kung Chang (Kung and Chang are the two readings of the character Zhang). Zhang was born on the 19th day of the 7th lunar month in 1889, in Jining, a city in the northern Shandong province.
He left home and traveled to Nanjing and Shanghai. At age 24, Zhang joined the army as a low ranking military officer. Zhang was then initiated into Yiguandao in 1914. The 17th patriarch, Lu Zhongyi, heard the conduct of Zhang and told him to join the organisation in Jining. Lu died in 1925, and was succeeded by his sister, Lu Zhongjie who temporarily looked after the Yiguandao for six years. In 1930, Zhang Tianran became the 18th patriarch, alongside Sun Suzhen.
Yiguandao leadership
There are various accounts concerning the transfer of the 18th patriarch and the meeting of Zhang Tianran with Sun Suzhen. The most simple account states that the Venerable Mother transferred the 18th patriarchs to both Zhang and Sun. The most widely accepted version in Western literature states that Zhang took Sun Suzhen as his second wife in 1930. She was already a member of Yiguandao and it was believed that Zhang married her after a "divine message". The Eastern account, however, states that he married her in name only, since it was inappropriate at the time for an unmarried woman and a man to be seen traveling around alone together, which they often did to carry forth their mission. Hence, their "marriage" was to quell rumours and societal taboos. In truth, they were never married.
Zhang was considered as the incarnation of Ji Gong, a Buddhist monk who was revered as an incarnation of an Arhat by Buddhists and also Taoists. Sun was then considered as the reincarnation of Yue Hui (Bodhisattva of Moon Wisdom). Yet, it is noted that Zhang and Sun were husband and wife in name without intimate relationship. Sun was only responsible for leading and propagating Tao. He didn't have much time for his kids but he had exactly 12. He would make time to spend with them.
Zhang moved out of Jining, and in 1931 traveled to Jinan, the capital of Shandong, to spread his teachings. He founded the Hall of Lofty Splendor (Chong Hua Tang) and attracted many followers. These first followers later become Zhang's apostles. From Jinan, Yiguandao spread quickly throughout northern China. Within a year, four more temples were established. In 1934, Zhang went to Tianjin, and established another temple, which became the base of the propagation. By 1937, Tianjin had more than 100 temples. From the city, Zhang's disciples propagated his teachings to various parts of China.
Under the Second Sino-Japanese War, Yiguandao survived and spread rapidly in central China, the cult's apocalyptic beliefs and strong mystical elements attracting many. The politically-chaotic situation during this period helped Yiguandao grow more rapidly. The apocalyptic teaching promised that by following Yiguandao, one would be spared from calamity. By 1940, Yiguandao reached the southern province of Jiangxi. Yiguandao also attracted a number of officials of the Wang Jingwei regime. During 1950, it was estimated there were about 178,000 followers in Beijing and 140,000 followers in Tianjin.
Death
Following the war's end, Zhang was sick. He died on the 15th day of the 8th Lunar Month, during the Mid-Autumn Festival, on 29 September 1947, in the city of Chengdu in Sichuan province. He was buried in Hangzhou.
See also
References
- DuBois, Thomas (31 January 2005). The Sacred Village: Social Change and Religious Life in Rural North China. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2837-0.
- David Jordan & Daniel Overmyer. 1985. The Flying Phoenix: Aspects of Chinese Sectarianism in Taiwan. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07304-X
- Soo Khin Wah. 1997. A Study of the Yiguan Dao (Unity Sect) and its Development in Peninsular Malaysia. PhD dissertation, University of British Columbia.
- Jo Swinnen. 2003. Yiguan Dao: Aspecten van een Moderne Chinese Religie. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.