Bronze Age to Early Islamic period

Ceramics from the Late Bronze Age^[7] and the Persian period have been found here.^[8]

A building, a winepress and ceramics from the Byzantine period have been found,^[9][8][10] as have Early Islamic remains.^[8]

Ottoman period

Tombs, from the Late Ottoman period (16th–19th centuries CE) have been excavated,^[11] as has a building with a kiln and pottery dating to the 18th–19th centuries.^[12][13]

The mosque of the village was built by Shaykh Ahmad al-Rahhal. A two-line poem inscribed in nashki script, dated the construction of the mosque to 1207 H. (1792/93 CE).^[14]

The village appeared as an unnamed village on the map of Pierre Jacotin, compiled in 1799.^[15] Some of the inhabitants of Zarnuqa were Egyptians who arrived in Palestine with the army of Ibrahim Pasha.^[16] In 1838, Zernukah was noted as a village in the Gaza area.^[17]

In 1863, Victor Guérin found that Zarnuqa had 300 inhabitants and that it was surrounded by tobacco plantations. A sanctuary was dedicated to a Sheik Mohammed.^[18]

An Ottoman village list from around 1870 counted 107 houses and a population of 267, though the population count included men only.^[19][20] Passing by, in 1871, Charles Warren described travelling in the area: "We passed through olive groves and gardens past Zernuka, until crossing over some undulating hills we came across the village Akir..."^[21]

In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Zarnuqa as a large adobe village "with cactus hedges around it and wells in the gardens."^[22] In 1890, the region between Zarnuqa and Ramle, a stretch of 10,000 dunams, was described by Zionist sources as an uncultivated wasteland.^[23] In March 1892, a dispute erupted between the shepherds of Zarnuqa and the Jewish farmers of the newly established moshava of Rehovot, which was finally resolved in the courts.^[16] In 1913, a violent clash, which according to the Jewish side was sparked by the theft of grapes from a Rishon LeZion vineyard, resulted in the deaths of two Jews from Rehovot and an Arab of Zarnuqa. However, documents recently discovered in Istanbul archives gives the Arab version: they said that the Jews "wanted to strip the camel owner[s] of their clothes, money and camels, but these men refused to give their camels and escaped from Lun Kara with their camels, protecting each other [to seek refuge with] men of the law… The above mentioned Jews attacked our villages, robbed and looted our property, killed and even damaged the family honor, all this in a manner we find hard to put in words." They further wrote: "By payments they do whatever they want, as if they have a small government of their own in the country."^[24]

British Mandate

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Zarnuqa' had a population of 967 inhabitants, all Muslims,^[25] increasing in the 1931 census to 1,952; still all Muslims, in a total of 414 houses.^[26]

In 1926, the Jewish National Fund purchased land from residents of Zarnuqa, and by 1931 had established on that land the first workers' moshav (moshav ovdim), known as Kfar Marmorek, now a suburb of Rehovot, in which ten Yemenite-Jewish families evicted from Kinneret in 1931 were resettled.^[27] In 1929, Zarnuqa had 1,122 dunams of citrus orchards and most of its economic growth derived from citriculture.^[28] In 1934, Zionist writer Ze'ev Smilansky attributed the modernisation of the village to its proximity to Rehovot and land sales to Jews by both effendis and fellahin. Advanced farming technologies were introduced under the tuition of their Jewish neighbors.^[28]

Zarnuqa, 1935

The village had two elementary schools, with one of them for boys, founded in 1924, and the other one for girls, founded in 1943, initially with 65 students. In 1945, the boy school had 252 students.^[29]

In the 1945 statistics, the village was counted with Gibton, and together they had a total population of 2,620; 2,380 Muslims and 240 Jews.^[3]

The land ownership of the village before occupation in dunams:^[3][4]

Types of land use in dunams in the village in 1945:^[3][30][31]

1948 and aftermath

At the beginning of December 1947, the residents of Zarnuqa considered entering into a non-belligerency pact with Rehovot but apparently it was not formalized. In April 1948, Arab irregulars moved into the village. The Dar Shurbaji clan was in favor of the village surrendering its weapons and accept protection by Haganah but others objected. Women, children and the elderly were evacuated to the nearby village of Yibna, leaving the Shurbajis and several dozen armed men from other clans. Zarnuqa was depopulated on 27–28 May by the Givati Brigade during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. One account in Al HaMishmar described how a soldier fired with a Sten gun at three people (one old man, old woman and a child) and how the villagers were taken out from the houses and had to stay in the sun, in hunger and thirst, until they surrendered the weapons they claimed they did not have. They were then expelled towards Yibna. In total, six died and 22 were taken prisoners. The day after, the inhabitants returned and recounted that the Yibna villagers saw them as traitors. The Zarnuqa villagers saw their village being ransacked by Jewish soldiers and nearby settlers. They were expelled again and the houses were demolished the month after.^[32]

The family of the Shaqaqi brothers, Fathi (one of the founders of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad) and the political scientist Khalil Ibrahim, was from Zarnuqa.^[33] They fled in the face of rumours of massacres of Palestinians by Yishuv troops and expected to return after the hostilities ended. They were not permitted to come back.^[5] Haidar Eid, Associate Professor at al-Aqsa University in Gaza, states that his parent were evicted from the village by members of the Haganah and Stern gang who told them: "Leave your homes or we will kill and rape you".^[34]

After the establishment of Israel, the Zarnuqa ma'abara was established on the site to house Jewish refugees from Eastern Europe and Arab lands.^[35]