The star Wormwood falls towards the earth (1909 Old Believer illustration)
Wormwood strikes the earth (Douce Apocalypse, late 13th century)

Wormwood (ἀψίνθιον apsinthion or ἄψινθος apsinthos in Greek) is a star or angel[1] which appears in the Book of Revelation.

Hebrew Bible

The Biblical Hebrew word לענה (la'anah), translated into English as "wormwood", occurs eight times in the Hebrew Bible, always with the implication of bitterness.[2]

New Testament

The Greek word apsinthos, which is rendered with the English "wormwood",[3] is mentioned only once in the New Testament, in the Book of Revelation:

The third angel blew his trumpet, and a great star fell from heaven, blazing like a torch, and it fell on a third of the rivers and on the springs of water. The name of the star is Wormwood. A third of the waters became wormwood, and many died from the water, because it was made bitter. (Rev 8:10–11)

Apsinthos is believed to refer to a plant of the genus Artemisia, used metaphorically to mean something with a bitter taste.[4] The English rendering "wormwood" refers to the dark green oil produced by the plant, which was used to kill intestinal worms.[4] In the Book of Revelation, it refers to the water being turned into wormwood, i.e. made bitter.[4]

Interpretations

Certain commentators have held that this "great star" represents one of several important figures in political or ecclesiastical history: Matthew Henry mentions Augustulus, a 5th-century emperor of the Western Roman Empire, and Pelagius, deemed a heretic at the Council of Ephesus.[5]

Other Bible dictionaries and commentaries view the term as a reference to a celestial being; for example, A Dictionary of the Holy Bible states that "the star called Wormwood seems to denote a mighty prince, or power of the air, the instrument, in its fall".[6]

Historicist

Various religious groups and figures, including Seventh-day Adventists and the theologians Matthew Henry and John Gill,[7] regard the verses of Revelation 8 as symbolic references to past events in human history. In the case of Wormwood, some historicist interpreters believe that this figure represents the army of the Huns as led by king Attila, pointing to chronological consistencies between the timeline of prophecy they have accepted and the history of the Huns' campaign in Europe.[8] Others point to Arius, the emperor Constantine, Origen or the ascetic monk Pelagius, who denied the doctrine of original sin.[7]

Spiritual

The Swedenborgian New Church follows a spiritual interpretation of the star Wormwood based on other passages of scripture which mention gall and wormwood. The star signifies self-derived intelligence which departs from God,[9] thus it falls from heaven. For the star to make the waters of rivers and fountains bitter signifies to falsify spiritual truths,[10] as waters signify truths derived from the Word.[11] In general, the Book of Revelation is seen as a prophecy of the corruption of the Christian churches in the end times which is followed by a New Church, signified by the New Jerusalem.[12]

Alternative interpretations

A number of Bible scholars consider the term Wormwood to be a purely symbolic representation of the bitterness that will fill the earth during troubled times, noting that the plant for which Wormwood is named, Artemisia absinthium, or Mugwort, Artemisia vulgaris, is a known biblical metaphor for things that are unpalatably bitter.[13][14][15][16]

Chernobyl

Due to the Russian word for Artemisia vulgaris being chernobyl (Russian: чернобы́ль, romanized: chernobyl', lit. 'black herb'),[17] many[18] have used the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in 1986 as definitive proof that the prophecy in the Book of Revelation is correct.[19] The verses referring to a "star falling down and turning the waters bitter" are interpreted as the radioactive fallout from the disaster poisoning the environment around Chernobyl, leaving it uninhabitable.[20]

In the town centre of Chernobyl, there is the Wormwood Star Memorial, which depicts an angel blowing a trumpet, recalling the biblical prophecy.[21]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lewis, James R., Oliver, Evelyn Dorothy (1996), Angels A to Z, entry: "Wormwood", p. 417, Visible Ink Press
  2. ↑ Musselman, Lytton John (12 April 2007). "Wormwood". Plant Site: Bible Plants. Old Dominion University. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  3. ↑ "Revelation 8 Interlinear Bible". Bible Hub. Retrieved 2020-03-08.
  4. 1 2 3 Danker, Frederick W (2000). "ἀψίνθιον". A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (3rd ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 161. ISBN 0-226-03933-1.
  5. ↑ Henry, Matthew, Commentary on the Whole Bible Volume VI (Acts to Revelation): Revelation Chap. VIII Archived 2007-05-04 at the Wayback Machine, Public domain, Library of Congress call no: BS490.H4, at Christian Classics Ethereal Library, accessed 3 April 2021
  6. ↑ Rand, W. W. (1859), A Dictionary of the Holy Bible: for general use in the study of the scriptures; with engravings, maps, and tables, Entry: WORM WOOD at Internet Archive
  7. 1 2 Gill, John, Exposition of the Entire Bible, Revelation 8:10 Archived 2006-10-30 at the Wayback Machine at bible.crosswalk.com
  8. ↑ Nichol, Francis D (1957), The Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary, Volume 7, Revelation, p. 789, Review and Herald Publishing Association, Washington, D.C.
  9. ↑ Swedenborg, Emanuel. Apocalypse Revealed, 1766 (AR), n. 408 and 151, 952.
  10. ↑ AR, n. 410.
  11. ↑ AR, n. 409.
  12. ↑ AR, n. 876.
  13. ↑ Johnson, B. W. (1891), The People's New Testament, The Revelation of John, Chapter VIII: The Seventh Seal Opened Archived 2007-02-03 at the Wayback Machine at the Christian Classics Ethereal Library
  14. ↑ Revelation Archived 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine in the Geneva Study Bible (1599) at bible.crosswalk.com
  15. ↑ "Mugwort is Wormwood is Artemesia". www.flavorandfortune.com. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  16. ↑ "Mugwort Herb Uses, Side Effects and Benefits". The Herbal Resource. 19 January 2014.
  17. ↑ "Полин звичайний, чорнобиль, нехвороща (Artemisia vulgaris)" (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2023-09-21.
  18. ↑ Schmemann, Serge (26 July 1986). "The Talk of Moscow; Chernobyl Fallout: Apocalyptic Tale and Fear". The New York Times.
  19. ↑ "Chernobyl - Third Trumpet of Revelation? | Endtime Ministries with Irvin Baxter". 20 March 2011.
  20. ↑ Paul (21 April 2017). "Seven Trumpets & Fire from the Sky - Bible Prophecy". The Partial Rapture & the Left Behind Church.
  21. ↑ "Monument of the Third Angel: Chernobyl, Ukraine". Atlas Obscura. 3 July 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
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