A WRNS rating during the Second World War
Two Ordnance Wrens in Liverpool reassemble a section of a pom-pom gun during the Second World War.

The Women's Royal Naval Service (WRNS; popularly and officially known as the Wrens) was the women's branch of the United Kingdom's Royal Navy. First formed in 1917 for the First World War, it was disbanded in 1919, then revived in 1939 at the beginning of the Second World War, remaining active until integrated into the Royal Navy in 1993. WRNS included cooks, clerks, wireless telegraphists, radar plotters, weapons analysts, range assessors, electricians and air mechanics.

History

First World War

The WRNS was formed in 1917 during the First World War. On 10 October 1918, nineteen-year-old Josephine Carr from Cork became the first Wren to die on active service, when her ship, the RMS Leinster was torpedoed. By the end of the war the service had 5,500 members, 500 of them officers. In addition, 2,867 Wrens, 46 officers and 2,821 other ranks who had previously supported the Royal Naval Air Service chose to be transferred to the RAF Royal Air Force. The WRNS was disbanded in 1919.

Second World War recruitment poster

Second World War

At the beginning of the Second World War Vera Laughton Mathews was appointed as the director of the re-formed WRNS in 1939 with Ethel (Angela) Goodenough as her deputy.[1] The WRNS had an expanded list of allowable activities, including flying transport planes. At its peak in 1944 it had 75,000 active servicewomen. During the war 102 WRNS members were killed in action and 22 wounded in action.[2] One of the slogans used in recruitment posters was "Join the Wrens and free a man for the Fleet".

A Mark 2 Colossus computer operated by Wrens.

Wrens were prominent as support staff at the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park; they were the direct operators of the bombes and Colossus used to break Axis codes and cyphers.

Post-war era

RN and WRNS officers enjoying evening drinks by the Grand Harbour in Malta, 1964.

The WRNS remained in existence after the end of the war although Mathews retired in 1947[1] and Goodenough had died the year before. In the 1970s it became obvious that equal pay for women and the need to remove sexual discrimination meant that the WRNS and the Royal Navy would become one organisation. The key change was that women would become subject to the Naval Discipline Act 1957. Vonla McBride, who had experience in human resource management, became the Director of the WRNS in 1976, and members of the WRNS were subject to the same discipline as men by the next year.[3]

In October 1990, during the Gulf War, HMS Brilliant carried the first women officially to serve on an operational warship.[4] That same year, Chief Officer Pippa Duncan became the first WRNS officer to command a Royal Navy shore establishment.[5][6] The WRNS was finally integrated into the Royal Navy in 1993, when women were allowed to serve on board navy vessels as full members of the crew. Female sailors are still informally known by the nicknames "wrens" or "Jennies" ("Jenny Wrens") in naval slang.

Before 1993, all women in the Royal Navy were members of the WRNS except nurses, who joined (and still join) Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service, and medical and dental officers, who were commissioned directly into the Royal Navy, held RN ranks, and wore WRNS uniform with gold RN insignia.

Ranks and insignia

The WRNS had its own ranking system, which it retained until amalgamation into the Royal Navy in 1993.

Officers

Flag officers Field officers Junior officers
United Kingdom
(1917–1919)[7]
Director Deputy Director Assistant Director Deputy Assistant Director Divisional Director Deputy Divisional Director Principal Deputy Principal Assistant Principal
Women's Royal Naval Service
(1939–1940)[8] Director Deputy Director Superintendent Chief Officer First Officer Second Officer
(1941–1945)[9] Superintendent Chief Officer First Officer Second Officer Third Officer
Women's Royal Naval Service
(1946–1951)
Commandant Director Superintendent Chief Officer First Officer Second Officer Third Officer
Women's Royal Naval Service
(1951–1993)
Chief Commandant[note 1] Commandant[note 2] Superintendent Chief Officer First Officer Second Officer Third Officer
NATO codeOF-10OF-9OF-8OF-7OF-6OF-5OF-4OF-3OF-2OF-1OF(D)Student officer

Enlisted

Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted
United Kingdom Women's Royal Naval Service
(1917–1919)[7]
Chief Section Leader Section Leader Leader Wren Ordinary Wren
United Kingdom Women's Royal Naval Service
(1939–1952)
Chief Wren Petty Officer Wren Leading Wren Wren Ordinary Wren
United Kingdom United Kingdom
(1953–1993)[7]
Warrant Officer Wren[note 3] Chief Wren Petty Officer Wren Leading Wren Wren Ordinary Wren
NATO codeOR-9OR-8OR-7OR-6OR-5OR-4OR-3OR-2OR-1

Ratings' titles were suffixed with their trade (e.g. Leading Wren Cook, Chief Wren Telegraphist).

Wrens wore the same rank insignia as their male equivalents, but in blue instead of gold. The "curls" atop officers' rank stripes were diamond-shaped instead of circular.

Uniforms

From 1939, Wren uniform, designed by leading British fashion designer Edward Molyneux, consisted of a double-breasted jacket and skirt, with shirt and tie, for all ranks (although similar working dress to the men could also be worn). Junior Ratings wore hats similar to those of their male counterparts (although with a more sloping top). Senior Ratings (Petty Officers and above) and officers wore tricorne hats. In tropical areas these had a white cover. All insignia, including cap badges and non-substantive (trade) badges, were blue.

List of directors

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Honorary rank held by a member of the Royal Family. Until 1951, the position was called Commandant, but was renamed in that year due to the introduction of Commandant as the rank for the Director WRNS. Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent was Commandant, and later Chief Commandant, from 1940 until her death in 1968. She was succeeded by Princess Anne, who held the appointment from 1974 until 1993, when she became Chief Commandant for Women, Royal Navy; she now holds the honorary rank of admiral.
  2. ↑ Until 1951, Director was both a position and a rank. In 1951, the rank of Commandant was introduced for the officer holding the position of Director. Director equated to Rear-Admiral until 1946, when it was reduced to Commodore. In common with RN Commodores, after 1946 Director/Commandant was only an appointment and not a true rank and the Directors continued to hold the substantive rank of Superintendent.
  3. ↑ Introduced in 1970 as Fleet Chief Petty Officer Wren. Renamed in 1985 as Warrant Officer Wren.

References

  1. 1 2 Thomas, Lesley (2004). "Mathews, Dame Elvira Sibyl Maria [Vera] Laughton (1888–1959)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34937. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  2. ↑ Stephen Roskill: "Royal Navy - Britische Seekriegsgeschichte 1939-1945", page 403
  3. ↑ Vat, Dan van der (13 August 2003). "Commandant Vonla McBride". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
  4. ↑ History of the Women's Royal Naval Service and its integration into the Royal Navy
  5. ↑ Stuart Mason, Ursula (2011). Britannia's Daughters. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-84884-678-4.
  6. ↑ "Pipping Rest to Post". Navy News. March 1990. p. 11 – via issuu.
  7. 1 2 3 Coleman, E.C. (2011). Rank and Rate Volume II. The Crowood Press.
  8. ↑ Coleman, E.C. (2011). Rank and Rate Volume II. The Crowood Press.
  9. ↑ Talbot-Booth, E.C. (1943). Ranks and Badges in the Navy, Army, RAF and Auxiliaries (PDF). London: George Philip & Son, Ltd. p. 30.

Further reading

  • Fletcher, Marjorie H. (1989). The WRNS: A History of the Women's Royal Naval Service. London: Batsford. ISBN 0713461853.
  • Heath, Nick (27 March 2015). "Hacking the Nazis: The secret story of the women who broke Hitler's codes". TechRepublic.
  • Lee, Celia (2012). "Princess Marina the Duchess of Kent as Commandant of the WRNS during the Second World War". In Lee, Celia (ed.). Women in War: from home front to front line. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. pp. 101–116. ISBN 9781848846692.
  • Mason, Ursula Stuart (1992). Britannia's Daughters: the story of the WRNS. London: Leo Cooper. ISBN 0850522714.
  • Roberts, Hannah (2018). The WRNS in Wartime: the Women's Royal Naval Service 1917–1945. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781788310017.

Memoirs

  • Baden-Powell, Dorothy (2005). They Also Serve: an SOE agent in the WRNS. London: Robert Hale. ISBN 0753193361.
  • Thomas, Lesley; Bailey, Chris Howard (2002). WRNS in Camera: the Women's Royal Naval Service in the Second World War. Stroud: Sutton. ISBN 0750913703.
  • Unwin, Vicky (2015). Love and War in the WRNS. Stroud: The History Press. ISBN 9780750963046.
  • Patricia Davies (cryptographer) co-wrote Codebreaking Sisters. Patricia and Jean Owtram (2020) London: Mirror Books. ISBN 9781913406059
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